Parts of Speech

1
Parts of Speech

• and
• Functions of Words

2
Part of Speech NOUN

• Nouns name
• Person
• Place
• Thing
• Abstraction
• Idea
• Emotion
• Kinds of nouns
• Common
• Proper

3
Function of NOUN in Sentence

• Subject
• Jack jumped over the candlestick.
• Direct object
• Mary had a little lamb.
• Jack sent Mary an invitation.
• Indirect object
• Jack sent Mary an invitation.
• Object of the preposition
• Jack jumped over the candlestick.

4
Noun function

• Noun in direct address
• Jack, will you help me?
• Appositive
• Mr. Smith, the grocer, rang up my bill.
• Predicate nominative or subject complement
• Mr. Smith is a grocer.
• Possessive
• Jacks pail has a hole in it.
• The boys game was cancelled.
• The mens game was cancelled.

5
Part of Speech PRONOUN

• Pronouns replace nouns stand-in for a person,
  place thing or abstraction.
• The noun replaced by the pronoun is known as the
  antecedent

6
Function of PRONOUN in Sentence

• Pronouns have all the same functions as nouns.

7
Kinds of PRONOUNS

• Personal pronouns replace noun
• 1st person singular I, me, my, mine
• 1st person plural we, us, our
• 2nd person you, you, your (thou, thee, thine)
• 3rd person singular He,she,it him, her, it
  his, hers, its ( Note the possessive its has no
  apostrophe! its it is )
• 3rd person plural They, them, their
• Interrogative pronouns ask questions
• Who, whom, whose?
• Which, what?

8
Kinds of Pronouns

• Indefinite pronouns do not require an
  antecedent
• Singular another, any, each, nothing, one,
  anyone, everyone, everybody, everything, someone,
  something, either, neither
• Plural few, many, some, all
• Relative pronouns -- create a dependent clause by
  introducing a noun or adjective clause
• The man, who hit my car, did not give me his
  license number.
• who, whom, whose, whoever, which, whichever,
  what, whatever, that

9
Kinds of Pronouns

• Demonstrative pronouns point
• This, these
• That, those
• Intensive pronouns emphasize preceding noun.
  Same form as
• Reflexive pronouns receive the action of the
  subject who is the same person
• Singular Myself, yourself, himself, herself,
  itself, oneself
• Plural ourselves, yourselves, themselves

10
Part of Speech ADJECTIVE

• Adjectives describe, limit or modify a noun or
  pronoun
• The blue dress was beautiful.
• Article
• Definite the
• Indefinite a, an

11
Part of Speech ADVERB

• Adverbs modify or describe verbs, adverbs, and
  adjectives.
• He ran quickly.
• He ran very quickly.
• The dress was cobalt blue.

12
Part of Speech PREPOSITION

• Prepositions link a noun or pronoun to other
  words in the sentence creating a PREPOSITIONAL
  PHRASE preposition noun
• He ran to the bus.
• She met me at six oclock.

13
Function of PREPOSITION in Sentence

• Prepositional phrases always modify or describe
  something.
• Adjectival prepositional phrases
• The stew for dinner was delicious.
• Adverbial prepositional phrases
• The stew was made with beef, potatoes, carrots
  and onions.

14
Part of Speech CONJUNCTION

• Conjunctions connect
• Coordinate conjunctions
• and, or, nor, so, for, but, yet
• Correlative conjunctions
• bothand
• eitheror
• neithernor
• Not onlybut also
• Whetheror
• Subordinate conjunctions

15
Function of CONJUNCTIONS in Sentences

• Coordinate conjunctions -- connect words, phrases
  or clauses of equal weight.
• Jack and Jill went up the hill.
• Jack fell down, and Jill came tumbling after.
• Correlative conjunctions always used in pairs
  also connect terms of equal weight
• Both Jack and Jill went up the hill.
• Not only Jack did fall down, but Jill also
  tumbled after him.
• Subordinate conjunctions create dependant
  clauses by introducing adverb clauses
• When Jack fell down, Jill tumbled after.

16
Common Subordinate Conjunctions

• After
• Although
• As
• As if
• Because
• Before
• If
• Once

• Since
• That
• Unless
• Until
• When
• Whenever
• Where
• While

17
Part of Speech INTERJECTION

• Interjections exclaim or express emotions
• Ouch
• Alas
• Oh
• All those words you curse with

18
Part of Speech VERB

• Verbs express action, state of being or
  condition

19
Function of VERB in Sentence

• Main verbs
• Action walk, sing, fly
• State of being or linking is, feel
• Auxiliary (helping) verbs combine with main
  verbs to create verb phrases
• Be am walking, was sung
• Have had flown

20
Principal Parts of Verbs

• Infinitive to be
• 3rd person present tense is
• 3rd person past tense was
• Past participle been
• to have, has, had, had
• to walk, walks, walked, walked
• to sing, sings, sang, sung
• to fly, flies, flew, flown

21
VERB Tenses

• Present
• I walk
• The bird flies
• Past
• I walked
• The bird flew
• Future
• I shall walk
• The bird will fly

22
Perfect VERB Tenses

• Present Perfect
• I have walked
• The bird has flown
• Past Perfect
• I had walked
• The bird had flown
• Future Perfect
• I shall have walked
• The bird will have flown

23
Progressive VERB Tenses

• Present progressive
• I am walking
• The bird is flying
• Past progressive
• I was walking
• The bird was flying
• Future progressive
• I shall be walking
• The bird will be flying

24
VERB Voice

• Active
• Jack threw the ball
• Passive
• The ball was thrown by Jack

25
VERB Moods

• Indicative makes a statement
• The cow jumped over the moon.
• Interrogative asks a question
• Who jumped over the moon?
• Imperative gives a command or direct request
• Jump over the moon.
• Subjunctive expresses a wish or
  contrary-to-fact statement
• If the cow jump over the moon, I will be
  surprised.
• I wish the cow would jump over the moon.

26
VERBALS

• Parts of verbs that function as nouns, adjectives
  or adverbs
• Present participle being, walking, singing,
  flying
• The flying bird overhead is a blue heron.
• Past participle been, walked, sung, flown
• The opera sung last night was Carmen.
• Infinitive to be, to walk, to sing, to fly
• To walk a mile every day is healthy.
• Gerund (always as a noun) being, walking,
  singing, flying
• Flying is his passion