Title: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS
1THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies)
2Relative Abundance of the Major Insect Divisions
From the phylogenetic tree Endopterygota
Coleopteroids Strepsiptera Lepidopteroids
Dipteroids Hymenoptera Exopterygota
Hemipteroids Paleoptera Orthopteroids Aptery
gota Thysanura Archaeognatha
3First .. Some Classification
Entognatha
Archaeognatha
Zygentoma
Hexapoda
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Insecta
Plecoptera
Embiodea
Pterygota
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Grylloblattodea
?
Mantophasmatodea
Orthoptera
Phasmatodea
Blattaria
Isoptera
Mantodea
Neoptera
Psocoptera
Phthiraptera
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera
Coleoptera
Rhaphidioptera
Megaloptera
Neuroptera
Hymenoptera
Mecoptera
Holometabola
Siphonaptera
Diptera
Apterygotes
Strepsiptera
Trichoptera
Paleoptera
Lepidoptera
Hemimetabolous
Holometabolous
4First .. Some Classification
Plecoptera
Embiodea
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Grylloblattodea
Polyneoptera
?
Mantophasmatodea
Orthoptera
Phasmatodea
Blattaria
Isoptera
Neoptera
Mantodea
Psocoptera
Phthiraptera
Paraneoptera
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera
Coleoptera
Rhaphidioptera
Megaloptera
Neuroptera
Hymenoptera
Mecoptera
Siphonaptera
Diptera
Strepsiptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Paraneoptera Polyneoptera Hemimetabola
5Aquatic nymphs
Ovipositor lost
Plecoptera
Terrestrial nymphs
Silk glands
Embiodea(Embioptera)
No silk glands
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
prognathous head
Cerci modified to forceps
Cerci not modified
Grylloblattodea
Mantophasmatodea
?
Saltatorial hind legs
Orthoptera
Hind legs not saltatorial
Phasmatodea
6Why arent stoneflies in the Paleoptera?
Similar wing venation
Similar nymphal forms
7Why arent stoneflies in the Paleoptera?
Wing folding
Gill types location
8Classification of Plecoptera
Order Suborder Superfamily Comment
Plecoptera Anarctoperlaria -southern
Hemisphere -very primitive
Arctoperlaria Systellognatha -mandibles of
adult atrophied
Euholognatha -mandibles of adult normal
9Drumming
10 Drumming
http//www.cas.unt.edu/StoneflyHome/Contents/Chap
_12/
11General Evolutionary Trends
Originated in cold flowing water
Euholognatha -feed as adults -diurnal -herbivorous
Systellognatha -warmer slower water -carnivorous
(nymphs) -nocturnal
12Hexapod Orders
Plecoptera
Pleco - folded/pleated, ptera - wing
Number of Species
gt2000
Common names
Stoneflies, salmonflies
Typical habitats
fast-moving streams -temperate/boreal climates
Distinguishing characteristics
Adults - hind wings shorter base of hind wing
enlarged and pleated
Nymphs - Body flattened, Tracheal gills behind
the head, at base of legs, or around the anus,
two tails
Other features
- Most primitive of Neoptera