New Manifest Destiny, American Imperialism

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New Manifest Destiny,American Imperialism

• White Mans Burden
• Protestant Missionary Ideals
• Economic Motives, Panic of 1893
• Trade, Shipping
• Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier Thesis

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Fredrick Jackson Turner

• (1861-1932) American historian and professor
• Taught at Harvard
• Wrote volumes on Rise of the New West, The
  United States, and The Nation and its Sections

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Fredrick Jackson Turner

• Stated that the most important perspective from
  which to study American History was not the
  Atlantic Coast, but rather The Great West The
  Significance of the Frontier in American
  History.
• Awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1933.

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Hawaiian Queen
Liliuokalani
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Queen Liliuokalani, Last independent ruler of
Hawaii
http//www.visit-hawaii.com/goods1/HotPics/Liliuok
alani.html
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Queen Liliuokalani

• Sept. 2, 1838 to Nov. 11, 1917 .
• She was forced to abdicate the royal throne by
  150 U.S. Marines (Jan., 1893) who supported a
  rebellion by American sugar planters.
• President Cleveland refused to annex the area,
  but his successor McKinley did so during the
  Spanish-American War.
• Hawaii was annexed July, 1898.

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http//www.samoanet.com/
US acquired eastern half of the Samoan islands
by 1899 treaty
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Alfred Thayer MahanThe Influence of Sea Power
Upon History
http//www.smplanet. com/imperialism/letter.html
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1890s Political Cartoon on Cuba
http//www.smplanet.com/imperialism/cartoon.html
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Josiah Strong

• Christians civilization, are, first, a pure,
  spiritual Christianity, and second, civil
  liberty.
• The Anglo-Saxon is the representative of the two
  great ideas, which are closely related
• It was the fire of liberty burning in the Saxon
  heart that flamed up against the absolutism of
  the Pope.

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Josiah Strong

• There can be no reasonable doubt that
  North-America is to be the great home of the
  Anglo-Saxon, the principle seat of his power, the
  center of his,life and influence

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The Caribbean Sea
http//www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs /PCL/Map_collection
/americas/ Caribbean.GIF
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William McKinley, Conflict with Spain

• DeLome Letter
• Sinking of the Maine
• Declaration of War on Spain
• Annexation of Hawaii

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• Valeriano Weyler

http//www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/weyler.html
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General Valeriano Weyler

• Was sent to Cuba from Spain as a new and ruthless
  governor.
• He was nicknamed Butcher Weyler because of his
  brutal treatment of prisoners and his cruel
  policies. human hyena and mad dog were also
  common names for Weyler.
• Reconcentration was when he herded Cuban
  villagers into concentration camps where many
  died of hunger and neglect.

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Weyler, cont.

• Americans were outraged by the cruelty of these
  camps. Cubans in New York had anti-Spanish
  feelings and spread stories of Spanish
  atrocities.
• Spanish hatred grew as newspapers published the
  horrors of the Spanish.

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USS MAINE IN HAVANA HARBOR
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William Randolph Hearst

• Publisher of NYC Newspaper The Journal.
• Yellow Journalism style, pushing facts aside with
  flashy headlines and sensational stories with
  Spain as the bad guy.
• Easily swayed public opinion.
• Once told artist Frederic Remington You supply
  the pictures. Ill supply the war.

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Fredric Remington

• He was a uniquely American painter
• born oct.4,1861 in C.T attended

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William Randolph Hearst
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Joseph Pulitzerand The World
http//www.smplanet .com/imperialism/ remember.htm
l
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1890s Political Cartoon on US-Spanish Conflict in
Cuba
From Grolier ME 96
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Spanish-American War, 1898

• Destruction of Spanish Navy in Manila Bay,
  Philippines
• Commodore George Dewey
• Seige of Santiago, Cuba
• US attack on San Juan Hill
• Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt
• Puerto Rico occupied

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News print on fighting in Cuba in
Spanish-American War
http//www.nypl.org/research/chss/epo/spanexhib /I
MAGE-print_of_valiant_negro.html
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Teddy Roosevelt, Rough Riders
http//www.smplanet.com/imperialism/splendid.html
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Treaty of Paris

• Cuba Independent
• US acquires Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico
• Spain given 20 million
• Expands US interests around the world

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Theobald Chartrans Painting of the Signing of
Paris Treaty 8/12/98
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http//www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/
americas/Cuba.jpg
SANTIAGO, site of US Attack 1898
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The Teller Amendment

• Henry M. Teller, Senator of Colorado added an
  amendment disclaiming any intention of adding
  Cuban territory to the U.S.
• Congress recognized the independence of Cuba and
  authorized use of armed forces to drive out the
  Spanish.
• Amendment was passed without any opposition.

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Teller Amendment

• With the protection of the Teller Amendment Cuban
  was to attain independence in handling its own
  internal affairs
• Four days later Spain declared war on the U.S.
• Platt Amendment late used to circumvent the
  Teller Amendment.

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Leonard Wood, Commander of First Cavalry
Volunteers and Military Governor of Cuba under
Platt Amendment
From Grolier ME 96
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Orville Platt, Sponsor of the Platt Amendment
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The Platt Amendment

• Named after Orville H. Platt, the Senator from
  Conn. Idea came from Secretary of War Elihu Root.
• In June 1901 the US required the Cubans to
  incorporate restrictions into the constitution in
  order to avoid US annexing Cuba completely
• 1. Cuba not to permit a foreign power to secure
  any control of the island.

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The Platt Amendment
2. Cuba not to incur too large an indebtedness
lest it might result in foreign intervention. 3.
Cuba agreed to sell or lease sites for naval and
coaling stations to the United States. 4. And
that the US was at liberty to intervene to
reserve order and to maintain Cuban independence.
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Filipino Rebellion

• Dewey initially supports Nationalists led by
  Emilio Aguinaldo.
• 1899-1902 War.
• 250,000 Filipinos killed
• US loses more troops than in war with Spain.

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Emilio Aguinaldo
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Emilio Aguinaldo

• He was a Filipino patriot and an early
  independence leader.
• leader in 1896 Philippine revolt against Spain
  but failed and went into exile in Hong Kong.
• 1899 he declared for complete independence, and
  he was denied.

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Aguinaldo

• 1935 he tried to get power back when he attacked
  pro US leader Manuel Quezon, but failed.
• He also became a puppet to the Japanese in World
  War II which caused the U.S. to take him into
  custody.
• Philippines becomes independent on July 4, 1946.

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Emilio Aguinaldo
Http//www.jetlink.net/rogers/emilio.html
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U.S. IN PHILIPPINES KILL EVERYONE OVER 10
http//www.msstate.edu/Archives/History/USA/filipi
no/filipino.html
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Filipino Casualties
http//www.msstate.edu/Archives/History/USA/filipi
no/filipino.html
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John Hay (left)
http//lcweb.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/img/haycambo
n.jpg
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John Hay

• U.S. Secretary of State
• Guided the diplomacy of the country during the
  critical period of its entry as a great power
• Served as Lincolns private secretary from
  1861-1865
• Held various diplomatic posts in Europe
• Was an editorial writer for the N.Y Tribune

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John Hay

• Promoter of the Open Door Policy
• Designed to counter the trend toward divisive
  spheres of influence on the Orient.

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Open Door Policy

• U.S. sees the Philippines and Guam as stepping
  stones to China
• U.S. wanted to convert Chinese into Christians
  Open up trade with China
• 1800s the European powers divided China into the
  Spheres of Influence which restricted the U.S.
  from trading with China
• Hays sent notes that said China was open for
  free trade

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Open Door Policy

• issued by McKinleys Secretary of State John Hay
• open trade throughout all of China
• end spheres of influence
• Boxer Rebellion crushed with help of US

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Empress of China, Cixi

• Ruler of China who wanted to reassert authority
  of the Empire
• Supported Boxer Rebels
• Defeated by European and imperialist powers

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Boxer Rebels
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Sun Yatsen

• http//www.iisg.nl/landsberger/syx.html
• Leader of Chinese Nationalist Movement that
  overthrew the Chinese Empire
• Republic of China

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Panama Canal, 1903-14
Groliers
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Panama Canal Constructionhttp//www.smplanet.com/
imperialism/joining.html
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Groliers
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Philippe Bunau-Varilla

• He was a French engineer and a diplomat in the
  late half of the 1800s.
• He worked in Algiers and Tunis on government
  projects for the improvements of railroads and
  harbors.
• He developed new engineering methods such as his
  invention of an electric dredge for increased
  speed and economy operation.

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Philippe Bunau-Varilla
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Canal Construction
Groliers
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Great White Fleet, 1907
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Great White Fleet, USS Connecticut
http//www.rms-republic.com/gallery/The_Fleets/abe
?full1
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Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5
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Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905
Groliers
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Nobel Peace Prize

• Awarded to TR for negotiating treaty
• First American recipient

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Dollar Diplomacy

• President William Howard Taft
• Protect US investments overseas