UNIT 11 Globalization

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UNIT 11 Globalization

• The world becomes a smaller place
• Chapter 16
• Chapter 18 (Sections 2 3)
• Chapter 23

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The Eve of Exploration

• Portugal and Spain will be the front runners in
  the exploration race.
• The Dutch, English, and French will join in
  later.
• These interactions had a great global impact on
  the following
• Food, people, plants, animals, technology,
  cultural changes, disease, and the shrinking of
  the world.

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Introduction to Exploration1400 to 1914

• Explorers Who were they and what did they do?
• What were they in search of?
• How were they able to do it?
• What did they find?
• What were the positives and negatives of their
  discoveries?

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Bringing you back

• How could Spain lead exploration assignments
  while they were under control? Who held control
  of most of Spain?
• Ahh, yes, Muslims had control since the 700s
  The Umayyad Caliphate
• The Reconquista campaign finally ended with the
  marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella.
• In 1492, the last Muslim foothold was removed

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Motives for Exploration

• God, Glory, and Gold
• Religion provided the moral approval for the
  materialistic goals of the explorers
• Merchants, adventurers, and government officials
  sought precious metals, expanding areas of trade,
  spices

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Exploring the possibilities

• So how were they able to do it?
• Funding usually came from the homeland government
  agencies
• Technology and knowledge enabled the explorers to
  venture out into the seas

By the late 1400s, the Portuguese were equipping
their ships with sturdy cannons
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Other Techs

• Cartography Map Making
• Magnetic Compass to determine direction
• Astrolabe Instrument perfected by the Arabs to
  determine latitude at sea
• Bigger, badder, ships
• Used caravels (ships whose sails, masts, and
  rudders could be used to sail across or against
  wind)

Astrolabes are used to show how the sky looks at
a specific place at a given time. This is done by
drawing the sky on the face of the astrolabe and
marking it so positions in the sky are easy to
find. To use an astrolabe, you adjust the
moveable components to a specific date and time.
Once set, the entire sky, both visible and
invisible, is represented on the face of the
instrument.
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Spain and Portugal
Russia
Europe
Japan
Ottoman Empire
China
Atlantic Ocean
North America
Philippines
Latin America
India
South America
Africa
Australia
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The Portuguese Naval Empire

• Magellan, Prince Henry the Navigator, Diaz, de
  Gama,
• Explored Africa
• Parts of India
• Philippines (East Asia) were discovered by
  Magellan during his circumnavigation of the
  world! (They are named after King Philip of
  Spain who funded the project)
• Encountered black Africans in which will later be
  part of the African slave trade (we will get to
  this later)
• Set up numerous coastal forts to protect
  interests
• Gold and other spices were discovered
• The Portuguese would get the ball rolling, but
  would later be out done by the English, Dutch,
  and French in the 1600s (17th Century)

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The Mighty Spanish
OF SPAIN

• The Spanish had a larger population and greater
  resources than the Portuguese
• Columbus, an Italian, who seeks out Queen
  Isabella of Spain to finance an expedition
• His goal to head west to reach Asia
• Columbus discovers Asia in 1492 which really
  happens to be Cuba and Haiti (Near Florida)
• Columbus called the islands the Indies
• Many explorers afterwards realized that he had
  discovered a whole new frontier
• Some of these explorers were John Cabot,
  Vespucci, and Cabral

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More on the Spanish

• Conquistadors- Spanish conquerors
• Though technological differences created
  superiority in arms, many of the Aztec (Cortes)
  and Incan (Pizarro) natives had caught diseases
  from the previous European campaigns
• Queen Isabella declared the natives Indians (from
  the Spanish word, Indios inhabitants of the
  indies)
• She then declared the Spanish Encomienda
• Indians were laborers and rulers were to convert
  the natives to be Christians.
• The ruler had to protect the people as well.
• That part was kinda left out

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Encomienda Continued

• Just because you can, should you?
• Are there any other examples that we can think of
  that relates to this example?
• De Las Casas who was a conquistador turned monk.
  
• Believed the Spanish were mistreating the natives
• Eventually, the New World became
• A Mini-Europe

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Social Structure
Spanish Colonies
Peninsulares People born in Spain
Most Power
Fewest People
Creoles People of European descent born in the
colonies
Mulattoes People of mixed African European
descent
Mestizos People of mixed Native
American European descent
Native Americans and People of African Descent
Most People
Least Power
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Impacts
IMPERIALISM

• What are the impacts of early globalization?
• Positives? Negatives?
• Rivalries and competition for power also played a
  role.
• Increased competition also leads to (What is the
  term?)

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IMPERIALISM

• Domination by one country of the political,
  economic, or cultural life of another country
• We can run your country better than you can

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Imperialism in Africa

• The Portuguese set up numerous forts along the
  African coast.
• However, the Portuguese were unsuccessful in
  attempts to move inland
• The Dutch (Boers) established control beginning
  in the mid 1600s.
• The Boers considered the Africans to be inferior

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Africa

• Triangular Trade
• The Middle Passage
• The Slave Trade

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Africa and the Slave Trade

• Slavery was already common, but when the New
  World was discovered, it led to a slave boom.
• Needed labor on large plantations led to millions
  of Africans being shipped to the new world (slave
  labor)
• What was life like in the Slave Ships? (Pg
  498-499)

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Slave Trade of Africa
Nearly 10 million Africans were shipped in the
slave trade between the early 16th Century and
the late 19th century
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Africa and the Slave Trade

• Many of the Africans died while coming over or
  while living in the new world.
• Should the African slaves raise children in the
  New World?
• Buying new slaves was less expensive than trying
  to raise a child from birth
• The slave trade first began with African Coasts
  and as the demand grew, slave traders had to move
  further inland.
• Ethical?
• Even if an African ruler refused to supply
  slaves, he knew that his neighbor would supply
  them. Therefore, in order to survive, he felt
  compelled to participate

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Africa and the Slave Trade

• Rivalries were created internally (In Africa,
  between tribes) over who had the authority to
  sell who etc.
• Effects the slave trade had on the people of
  Africa
• Depletion of the population
• Increased conflict among the people
• Cheap importation of manufactured goods which
  forced many local industries into poverty
• In some cases, entire societies were changed

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Triangular Trade
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What were the specifics?
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The Columbian Exchange

• What is it?
• A global exchange of people, plants, animals,
  ideas, and technology led to profound changes in
  Asia, Americas, Africa, and Europe.
• Why the name?
• Because it started with Columbus
• Mercantilism Building up national wealth by
  exporting more goods than the nation imported.

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THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
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What do you think?

• If you punish a child for being naughty, and
  reward him for being good, he will do right
  merely for the sake of the reward and when he
  goes out into the world and finds that goodness
  is not always rewarded, nor wickedness always
  punished, he will grow into a man who only thinks
  about how he may get on in the world, and does
  right or wrong according as he finds advantage to
  himself.
• Immanuel Kant

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Imperialism in Asia

• Conquered cities to control economic profits of
  the spice trade.
• Dutch East India Company will be established.
• British and French will also take part. 1700s
  England and France will eventually gain control
  by establishing relationships with the locals,
  taxing them, and thus establishing supreme power.

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Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
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The Spice Islands
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South East Asia and the Spice Islands

• Explorers became aware of the monsoon season in
  SE Asia
• Explorers discovered new tropical
  fruits/vegetables/spices, as well as,
  jade/porcelain/silk
• Southeast Asian daily lives were affected by
• Agriculture became more specialized. It moved
  from slash and burn. (farmers clear an area of
  land by chopping down trees and burning off the
  rest of the vegetation. The burned ashes serve
  as a natural fertilizer)
• Cash crops replaced subsistence farming
• (provides only what a farmer needs for family
  survival)
• 3. Trade occurred at local, regional, and
  global levels

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China

• First contacts with the West
• Portuguese arrive in 1514 But not a very good
  first impression.
• The Chinese called them ocean devils!
• But the Portuguese do set up regional trade
  networks between Japan and China.
• Christian Jesuits also made the trip along
  merchant ships
• Jesuits were the most active and effective in
  cultural exchange with the Chinese

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China Cont.

• Guilds of merchants were set up in cities
• Guilds provided food and lodging for merchants
  from different provinces.
• Despite the growth in trade, China failed to
  develop the kind of commercial capitalism that
  was emerging in Europe
• (a system of private enterprise based on profits
  from trade)
• Why?
• Merchants and farmers in China were not as
  independent as they were in Europe which means
  that most of the production was under the firm
  control of the Chinese state.
• Chinese culture looked down on trade in
  comparison to farming. From 1500-1800 nearly 85
  of the people in China were farmers
• The state reflected that attitude by issuing
  heavy taxes on manufacturing and trade while
  keeping farming taxes low

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Japan

• At first visitors were welcomed from the West
• Daimyo (Japanese nobles) were interested in
  numerous goods such as firepower, eyeglasses,
  clocks etc.
• Jesuits landed who converted many to Christianity
• However, Jesuit practices of destroying local
  idols and shrines created a major stir
• The destruction of shrines by foreigners was
  appalling
• Overtime, Japanese Christians were persecuted,
  major ports were shut off from most of the
  Europeans, and if outsiders were to come in,
  they had to follow strict rules.

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North America

• What is happening in the New World of North
  America?

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North America

• The Battle for North America
• In the 1600s. the French settled Canada, naming
  their colony New France
• French send fur trappers and missionaries
• They set up trading posts from Quebec to
  Louisiana
• In 1607, Jamestown is settled by the English
• Some came for profit, some for religious freedom
• Spain controlled much of Southwest N.A. and
  Mexico

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1763
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British control in North America
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ExplorersCheat Sheet
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Something to think about?

• Money and Power
• These mean.
• War?
• Every new society is soon in need of a graveyard
  and a prison.
• - Nathaniel Hawthorne

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Chapter 23

• The High Tide
• of
• Imperialism

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Out with the Old and in with the New

• Old Imperialism (1500-1800)
• Establishment of colonies but power is limited
• New Imperialism (1870-1914)
• Produced strong, centrally governed nations

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Causes of the New Imperialism
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Identifying Bias Again

• Old book on imperialism in class
• What examples of Bias can you identify?
• What examples show cultural superiority?
• How would this tie in with imperialism?

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The White Mans Burden

• Published in McClure's Magazine in February of
  1899, Rudyard Kipling's poem, "The White Man's
  Burden," appeared at a critical moment in the
  debate about imperialism within the United States
  (Article)

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I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having
the eagle put its talons on any other land. -
quoted in A Pen Warmed Up in Hell

• US - HISTORY (Anti-Imperialist League- Mark Twain)

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Ideas lead to motive for New Imperialism

• Nationalism- promotes the idea of national
  superiority
• Social Darwinism- It is natural for stronger
  nations to dominate weaker ones
• Notable Conflicts during the imperialistic era.

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The Sepoy Mutiny

• Who British, The Mughals, The Sepoys
• What A group of Hindu and Muslim soldiers
  (called the Sepoys) are forced to follow rules
  against their religious beliefs (bullets greased
  with cow and pig fat).
• Where India
• When 1800s (1857)
• Why
• 1) British support Mughals with attack.
• 2) British gain right to tax citizens in nearby
  Calcutta
• 3) Less than 10 years later, British up end the
  Mughal Emperor
• 4) British East India Company establishes control
• 5) To rule India, Sepoys were hired
• 6) Sepoys rebell, British crush rebellion,
  Parliament ends rule of East India Company

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The Scramble for Africa

• 1870- Belgiums King sends people to the Congo to
  colonize
• It sparked the competition for other colonies in
  Africa
• 1884- Berlin Conference
• Establishment of rules for colonizing Africa
  Basically like a turkey carving
• 1850, most of Africa was free, 70 years later
  most was under European control.

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1913
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Shaka and the Zulu Warriors

• Early 1800s Shaka organizes a fighting force of
  Zulu warriors.
• For nearly 75 years, Zulu warriors fought against
  colonial powers
• Initial victory over the British in 1879 gives
  them hope, but technology will overwhelm the Zulu
  resistance.

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The Boer War

• 1899-1902 (Boer War) South Africa
• Who are the Boers again?
• Britain decided to annex the Boer territory
• Boers resist.
• After heavy losses, the British win
• It creates a bitter struggle that leaves behind a
  legacy of distrust and hatred
• Boers are granted some leniency
• British agree that only the whites can vote.
• Sets the stage for apartheid in South Africa in
  the future.
• 1994!

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The Opium War

• British merchants began to trade opium in China
  in the late 1700s. What is opium?
• (1839-1842) British fight with Chinese about
  keeping trade open
• Chinese lose, and are forced to sign oppressive
  treaties
• Gave up Hong Kong and other port cities to
  British Control

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The Boxer Rebellion

• 1900 Destroy the Foreigner Rebellion
• Society of Harmonious Fists
• Wanted to push foreigners out of China
• Boxers roamed the countryside and slaughtered
  foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians
• Response was immediate and overwhelming
• 20,000 troops of the spheres of influence
  defeated the rebellion
• Forced the Chinese government to pay a heavy
  indemnity (Large sum of money)

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• Short Term
• Large of Asians and Africans came under foreign
  rule
• Local economies became dependant on
  industrialized powers

• Long Term

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Quotes

• SHIRLEY CHISHOLM When morality comes up against
  profit, it is seldom that profit loses.
• What you do speaks so loud that I cannot hear
  what you say. Ralph Waldo Emerson
• We're given a code to live our lives by. We don't
  always follow it, but it's still there.