The End of Qin

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The End of Qin

• Two leaders of the rebels figured most
  prominently Liu Bang and Xiang Yu
• Liu Bang led a force of 3,000 into Xianyang,
• Ziying surrendered imperial seal and Qin
  officially ended
• Liu Bang ordered his shoulders follow three
  rules whoever kills would be executed whoever
  hurts or steals will be punished
• Liu Bang yielded Xianyang to Xiang Yu

2

• Xiang Yu entered and took over Xian Yang
• slaughtered all remaining Qin soldiers, razed the
  entire city including Apang Hall, and executed
  Ziying

3
New Emperor and New Dynasty

• Wars between armies of Liu Bang (Han) and that of
  Xiang Yu (Chu) (206-202 BCE) ended with Liu
  Bangs victory
• Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, and his
  dynasty the Han dynasty
• He immediately faced Xiongnus challenge

Portrait of Liu Bang in Woodblock painting, Qing
Dynasty
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Emperors of the Han Dynasty

• Han emperors after Liu Bang
• Huidi?Wendi?Jingdi?Wudi
• Han Wudi, Liu Che (r. 141BCE-87BCE)
• One of the greatest emperors in Chinese history
• Able to deal with external external and Internal
  unrests, caused by
• Xiongnu
• factions
• eunuchs
• emperors in-laws
• Huo Guang
• Wang Mang
• Defeated Xiongnu many times
• Launched numerous military campaigns against
  Xiongnu

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Post-Wudi Period

• Xiongnu remained a big problem
• A Policy of Appeasement was used
• Xiongnu dissolved and split into 5 groups
• Hu-han-xie Chanyu (Khan)submitted himself to the
  Han
• the Heqin Deplomacy
• princess or palace lady, the victim of this
  policy
• Wang Qiang (Wang Zhaojun) was married off
• the topic of poetry, drama, story-telling.

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The Heqin Diplomacy

• Princess or palace lady married to Xiongnus
  Shanyu (Khan)
• 198 BCE (under Gaozu)
• 192 BCE (under Huidi, Gaozus son)
• 174 BCE (under Wendi)
• 162 BCE (under Wendi)
• 152 BCE (under Jingdi, princess)
• 135 BCE (under Wudi)

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• ceased between 133-14 BCE because of Han Wudis
  policy of expansion
• War with Xiongnu
• 129 BCE, Xiongnu defeated
• 127 BCE, Xiongnu defeated
• 124 BCE, Xiongnu defeated
• 123 BCE, Xiongnu defeated
• 121 BCE, Xiongnu defeated

8

• More wars with Xiongnu
• 103 BCE, Han defeated
• 99 BCE, Han defeated
• 97 BCE, Han defeated
• 91 BCE, Han defeated
• 80 BCE, Xiongnu defeated (under Zhaodi)
• 56 BCE, Xiongnu surrendered because of political
  struggles
• 54 BCE, Xiongnu split into North and South
• 52 BCE, Xiongnu surrendered
• paid tribute to Han court in 51, 50, 49 BCE

9

• More wars and peace with Xiongnu
• 43 BCE, Xiongnu rebelled (under Yuandi)
• 36 BCE, Xiongnu defeated (under Yuandi)
• 33 BCE, Xiongnu Khan paid tribute and proposed to
  Wang Qiang, a palace lady in Yuandis harem
• 31 BCE, Xiongnu Khan died (under Chengdi)
• 25 BCE, Xiongnu Khan paid tribute (under Chengdi)
• 1 BCE,Xiongnu paid tribute (under Aidi)
• 10 CE, Xiongnu rebelled (Wang Mang ruled Han/Xin)
• 11 CE, Xiongnu invaded (Wang Mang)
• 14 CE, Heqin resumed

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Autumn in the Palace of Han

• Author and literary type
• Ma Zhiyuan (or Ma Chih-yuan, fl. 1251)
• Yuan drama
• Major characters
• Han Yuan-di (or Yuan-ti)
• Wang Qiang (or Wang Chiang) better known as Wang
  Zhaojun (or Wang Chao-chün).
• Mao Yanshou (or Mao Yüan-shou)
• Hu-han-yeh (or Hu-han-ye), Xiongnus Khan
• Importance of this play
• History and fiction
• Historicization of fiction
• Fictionalization of history

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Wang Mang and the Xin Dynasty

• Wang Mang A Regent turning into an Emperor
  (Acting Emperor)
• Founded a short-lived dynasty The Xin Dynasty (9
  AD-23 AD)
• Regarded is a typical bad ruler in Chinese
  history
• A good example of the ambitious politician who
  kept a low profile in his early public life,
  advanced quickly, and became a power-hungry
  hypocrite
• Known for his usurpation, cruelty, and tyrannical
  rule
• Important reform, which followed Confucian ideal,
  was overshadowed by his bad image
• Often compared to the First Emperor

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Wang Mangs Early Image

• Personal traits
• humble
• selfless
• generous
• polite
• filial
• frugal
• well-learned
• Administrative ability
• An enthusiastic Confucian idealist and skillful
  administrator
• honored talented scholars
• reform-minded
• scrupulous

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Cited to warn people that judging historical
personages tends to be biased
Wang Mang
???????, ??????? ???????, ??????? ? The day
when the Duke of Zhou feared rumors, The time
when Wang Mang was modest and respectful of
scholars Had they both died at those times, Who
would had known who they really were? the true
faces of them
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Qian Long ( 1735-1795) the Old Man of Ten
Completions

• One of the most celebrated emperors in Chinese
  history the sixth emperor of the Qing Dynasty
• Regarded as typical good emperor whose
  accomplishments in both culture and military are
  great and exemplary
• Most prolific poet in Chinese history
• 42,000 poems left behind
• His reign witnessed long lasting peace and
  prosperity
• Most popular emperor in modern Chinese movies and
  TV series

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The Qianlong Emperor
Hall for Nourishing the Mind
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The New Age of Prosperity

• Qianlongs reign witnessed one of the most
  prosperous period in Chinese history
• Unprecedented upsurge in agriculture,
  manufacturing, and commerce
• The peasant was much happier than his counterpart
  in the France of Louis XV
• People were better educated, because schools were
  numerous
• Population grew rapidly, which led to the
  dramatic growth of economy and productivity
• 200 million in 1762, 361 million in 1812, 430
  million in 1850.

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Fast-growing Industries

• Textile industrySongjiang, Shanghai area
• Tea plantationswhole Yangtze basin
• Porcelain and celadon exported in great
  quantities
• Paper and sugar manufactured in Fukien
• Hempen cloth of Xinhui, Kwangtung steel of Wuhu
  ironmongery in Foshan silks, ceramic, and
  lacquer-ware of Suzhou and Hangzhou

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The Qianlong Emperor's Southern Inspection Tour,
Scroll Six Entering Suzhou and the Grand Canal
(detail)
Qing dynasty (16441911), dated 1770 by Xu Yang
(Chinese, active ca. 175076), China Handscroll
ink and color on silk 27 1/8 x 784 1/2 in.
(168.8 x 1994 cm)
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The scenic site of Tiger Hill, on the outskirts
of Suzhou, was a favorite place for outings from
the city. The Qianlong Emperor visited this small
mountain, topped by an ancient Buddhist pagoda,
during his stay in the city.
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Contd--
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At the base of Tiger Hill, a family of fishermen
enjoys a meal nearby, a boy flies a kitea
Chinese invention.
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The great Chang Gate of Suzhou allows entrance to
the city either by land---across the bridge---or
water, along a tributary of the Grand Canal.
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Contd--
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Marco Polo called Suzhou the Venice of China
because of its network of canals, which served as
the most convenient thoroughfares for travel and
trade. Here, a fisherman offers a large fish for
sale from his boat.
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The arrival of the emperor, who is shown mounted
on a white horse entering the city through the Xu
Gate. Accompanied by imperial bodyguards, he is
greeted by numerous officials and local
dignitaries. Lake Tai is visible in the distance.
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Emperors arrival, detail
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Kneeling officials and citizens line the route
along which the emperor will follow to his
temporary residence.
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Along the near shore of the Grand Canal is a shop
selling furniture and a stand for dumplings.
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Officials or wealthy residents often sponsored
outdoor theatrical performances on elaborate
temporary stages to welcome the emperor. Here,
the artist provides a glimpse behind one such
stage, where props are readied and actors change
hurriedly for their appearance in the next scene.
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The Greatest Book Project

• Ironically came with the censorship of books
• The policy of book censorship started in Kangxis
  reign, became harsher under Yongzheng, and ended
  in the great literary inquisition of 1774-1789 in
  Qianlungs reign
• 10231 works in 171,000 rolls were put on the
  index of prohibited books and over 2320 of them
  were completely destroyed (burned).
• Authors of books defamatory to Our dynasty were
  hunted, executed, exiled, forced to labor,
  sentenced to lifeand their properties
  confiscated.

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Literary inquisition was part of the grand book
projectSuku quanshu
Siku quanshu (Complete Collection of the Four
Treasures), 10,000 titles
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Qianlong Emperor
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Qianlong Emperos Inspection of the Troops by
Lang Shining (Giuseppe Castiglione), reproduction
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Qianlongs Grandfather, Kangxi (r. 1661-1722)
Qianlongs father, Yongzheng (r.1722-1735)