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Comparative Anatomy Sensory and Endocrine Organs

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Lamprey- both pineal and parapineal are photosensitive. Lizard- parapineal ... Figure 16.16: Epiphyseal complex of lamprey and embryonic and adult lizard. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Comparative Anatomy Sensory and Endocrine Organs


1
Comparative AnatomySensory and Endocrine Organs
  • Note Set 14
  • Chapter 15 17

2
Sense Organs
  • Monitor external internal environment
  • Somatic or visceral receptors
  • Specific or general

3
Special Somatic ReceptorsNeuromasts
  • In skin of fish and amphibians
  • Monitors mech, elect, and chem stimuli
  • Ampullae of Lorenzini in shark snout

Figure 16.1 Ampullae of Lorenzini in shark.
4
Special Somatic Receptors (cont.)Neuromasts
  • Pit organs along shark gill region
  • Lateral line canal
  • Linear series
  • Derived from ectodermal placodes

Figure 16.2 External openings of neuromast
organs in Squalus.
Figure 16.3 Neuromast organ and lateral line
canal in a fish.
5
Special Somatic ReceptorsMembranous Labyrinth
  • Vertebrates have pair of fluid filled membranous
    labyrinths
  • Filled with endolymph
  • Surrounded by perilymph

Figure 16.5 Membranous labyrinths of human.
Figure 16.4 Left membranous labyrinth of
craniates semicircular canals (1, 2, 3),
sacculus (s) and utriculus (u).
6
Special Somatic Receptors (cont.)Membranous
Labyrinth
  • Semicircular canals, utriculus, and sacculus
  • Inside canals
  • Otoliths
  • Sensory hairs- perceive motion
  • Angular motion detected by semicircular canals
  • Linear motion detected by utriculus and sacculus

Figure 16.6 Vestibular apparatus.
7
Figure 16.7 Human anatomy of the ear.
Figure 16.8 Anlagen of amniote inner ear
(otocyst). Embryonic head (a) and cross section
of head (b).
8
Special Somatic Receptors (cont.)Membranous
Labyrinth
  • Lagena
  • Out pocketing of sacculus wall
  • Gives rise to cochlea in mammals
  • Organ of Corti

Figure 16.9 Cochlea and organ of corti in
mammal.
9
Special Somatic Receptors (cont.)Membranous
Labyrinth
  • Weberian ossicles
  • Fish transmit sound waves
  • Modified transverse process
  • Sinus impar (some fish)
  • Assists in transport of sound

(a)
(b)
Figure 16.10 (a) weberian ossicles (b) weberian
apparatus for transmitting swim bladder
vibrations to ear.
10
Special Somatic Receptors (cont.)Membranous
Labyrinth
  • Middle Ear of Tetrapods
  • Canal from evagination of 1st pharyngeal pouch
  • Eustachian tube
  • Communication btwn pharynx and middle ear

Figure 16.11 Position of eustachian tube.
11
Special Somatic Receptors (cont.)Membranous
Labyrinth
  • Middle Ear of Tetrapods
  • Bones
  • Malleus, incus, and stapes
  • Derived from 1st and 2nd visceral arches
  • Stapes is columella in reptiles and birds

Figure 16.12 Middle ear bones.
12
Special Somatic Receptors (cont.)Membranous
Labyrinth
  • Middle Ear of Tetrapods

Figure 16.13 Development of the middle ear bones.
13
Special Somatic Receptors (cont.)Membranous
Labyrinth
  • Outer Ear of Tetrapods
  • Pinnae
  • Ear drum set back into skull
  • Crocs, birds, and mammals
  • Tympanic membrane on outside
  • Frogs
  • External auditory meatus
  • Canal leading to tympanic membrane

14
Special Somatic ReceptorsInfrared Receptors
  • Pits that open to surface
  • Btwn epidermal scales
  • Loreal pits
  • Pit vipers
  • Btwn nostril and eye
  • thermosensitive
  • Labial pits
  • Pythons
  • Other thermosensitive pits
  • Appear similar to neuromasts

15
Special Somatic ReceptorsLight Receptors
  • Photoreceptors
  • Lateral eyes
  • Median eye (3rd or pineal eye)
  • On top of head
  • Has lens and cornea
  • Do not form retinal images
  • Ex lamprey, ganoid fish, larval anurans, lizards

Figure 16.14 Parietal eye.
Figure 16.15 Parapineal organ of iguana.
16
Special Somatic Receptors (cont.) Light
Receptors
  • Median eye (3rd or pineal eye) (cont.)
  • Part of epiphyseal complex
  • Anterior parapineal is often photosensitive
  • Lamprey- both pineal and parapineal are
    photosensitive
  • Lizard- parapineal becomes 3rd eye
  • Frontal organs
  • 3rd eye in larval frogs
  • Photosensitive

Figure 16.16 Epiphyseal complex of lamprey and
embryonic and adult lizard.
17
Special ChemoreceptorsOlfactory Organs
  • Ectodermal placodes
  • Sink into head
  • Internal naris- opening inside
  • Lungfish and tetrapods
  • External naris- opening outside
  • Fish
  • Higher vertebrates possess both types

Figure 16.17 Internal and external naris shown
and vomeronasal organ.
18
Special Chemoreceptors (cont)Olfactory Organs
  • Vomeronasal organ (Jacobsons Organ)
  • Olfactory mechanisms isolated form nasal
  • Snakes and lizards
  • Insert forked tongue into organ

(a)
(b)
Figure 16.18 Snake collecting scent molecules
(a) that are then delivered to the vomeronasal
organ by the tongue (b).
19
Special ChemoreceptorsOrgans of Taste
  • Taste buds
  • Similar to neuromasts
  • In oral cavity and pharynx

Figure 16.19 Anatomy of the taste bud.
20
Endocrine Organs
  • Ductless organs
  • Secrete hormones
  • Derived from the 3 germ layers

Figure 16.20 Embryonic germ layers.
21
Pituitary Gland
Figure 16.21 Phylogeny of the vertebrate
pituitary.
22
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
  • Derived from ectoderm
  • Two divisions
  • Neurohypophysis (post. pit.)
  • Adenohypophysis (ant. pit.)

Figure 16.22 Anterior and posterior pituitary.
23
Pituitary Gland (cont.)
  • Neurohypophysis
  • Infundibulum of diencephalon
  • Stores hormones
  • Adenohypophysis
  • Cells evaginate away from stomadeum
  • Secretes hormones
  • Rathkes pouch

Figure 16.23 Embryogenesis of the amniote
pituitary.
24
Caudal Neurohemal Organ
  • Endocrine gland unique to some fish
  • Urophysis
  • Neurosensory organ
  • Occurs at tip of tail off of spinal cord

25
Pineal
  • Derived from ectoderm
  • Produces melatonin
  • Gonadal regulator
  • Photoperiodism

Figure 16.24 Location of the pineal gland in the
human brain.
26
Adrenal Gland
  • Adrenal Medulla
  • Derived form ectoderm
  • From neurocrest cells
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Derived from mesoderm

Figure 16.25 Cross section of Rt adrenal gland
(top) and anatomical position of the adrenal
glands.
27
Gonads
  • Derived from mesoderm
  • Within kidney tissue in some rayfin fish
  • Corpuscles of Stannius

28
Endodermal Origin
  • Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans
  • Thyroid gland
  • Foramen Cecum- reminant of thyroid evagination
  • Bursa of Fabricius
  • Outpocket of cloaca
  • Thymus in nature

Figure 16.27 Mammalian thyroid development.
29
Pharyngeal Pouches
  • Derived from endoderm
  • Fish
  • Pouches 2, 3, 4, 5 (dorsal)- thymus
  • Pouch 5 (ventral)- ultimobranchial bodies
  • Amphibians
  • Pouches 3, 4, 5 (dorsal)- thymus
  • Pouch 5 (ventral)- ultimobranchial bodies

Figure 16.28 Contributions of the embryonic
pharyngeal pouches to development of endocrine
glands.
30
Pharyngeal Pouches (cont.)
  • Mammals
  • Pouches 3 4 (dorsal)- thymus
  • Pouches 3 4 (ventral)- parathyroids
  • No ultimobranchial bodies

Figure 16.29 Contributions of the embryonic
pharyngeal pouches to development of endocrine
glands.
31
Literature Cited
  • Figure 16.1- http//people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342n
    otes11.html
  • Figure 16.2, 16.4, 16.8, 16.10 (b), 16.15, 16.16
    16.17- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr.
    Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed.
    McGraw-Hill, 2001.
  • Figure 16.3- http//fig.cox.miami.edu/cmallery/15
    0/neuro/senses.htmillusions
  • Figure 16.5- http//anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/hist
    o_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/Earf04/Ear.f04.html
  • Figure 16.6- http//faculty.etsu.edu/currie/study/
    hearing.htm
  • Figure 16.7- http//anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/hist
    o_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/Earf04/Ear.f04.html
  • Figure 16.9- http//faculty.etsu.edu/currie/study/
    hearing.htm
  • Figure 16.10 (a) http//www.voiceproblem.org/anato
    my/learning.asp Figure 16.11- http//www.familydoc
    tor.co.uk/htdocs/deafness/deafness_specimen.html
  • Figure 16.12- http//137.222.110.150/calnet/Aud/pa
    ge2.htm
  • Figure 16.13- http//anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/his
    to_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/Earf04/Ear.f04.html
  • Figure 16.14- http//www.anapsid.org/parietal.html

32
Literature Cited
  • Figure 16.18- http//www.massasauga.ca/stewardship
    _guide/section_2/pg16.htm
  • Figure 16.19- http//www.csus.edu/indiv/l/loom/oct
    1920f05.htm
  • Figure 16.20- http//www.bme.gatech.edu/vcl/Tissue
    _Engineering/Background/2_cell_types.htm
  • Figure 16.21, 16.23, 16.27, 16.28 16.29-
    Kardong, K. Vertebrates Comparative Anatomy,
    Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002.
  • Figure 16.22- http//www.abcbodybuilding.com/magaz
    ine03/endocrineinsanity1.htm
  • Figure 16.24- http//webs.uvigo.es/endocrinologia/
    marco_izquierda.html
  • Figure 16.25- http//www.bartleby.com/61/imagepage
    s/A4adregl.html
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