Important Information

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Important Information

• In case of Fire Drilltake left out of
  classroom?take left at hallway ?down stairway
  ?meet by left fence until otherwise notified

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Important Information

• Notebook Requirements
• Cover Page
• Course Policies
• Assignment/Grade Sheet
• Notes by Unit
• Graded Work

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LAB SAFETY
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Lab Safety

• Read Laboratory Safety Rules Handout

• Safety Rules on web page.http//www.springisd.org/

"It's all common sense!"
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LAB SAFETY

• Safety symbols- http//www.chem.queensu.ca/Safety/
  whmissym.htm
• http//www.chem.queensu.ca/Safety/Safety_Symbols.h
  tm
• http//www.chem.queensu.ca/Safety/TDGA_Symbols.htm
  
• Safety contract- MUST BE RETURNED ASAP!
• Safety quiz- Friday, 8/19, double daily
  grademust make an 80 or higher to be able to go
  to lab.

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THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE

• Using the Scientific Method

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The Scientific MethodA logical, organized way of
solving problems.

• Define the Problem
• Collect Background Information
• Form a Hypothesis
• Test the Hypothesis
• Make and Record Observations
• Draw a Conclusion

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Defining the Problem Collecting Background
Information

• Collect information about the problem.
• Example We should know the normal development
  of salamanders as well as the characteristics of
  areas that are affected by acid rain.

• Identify the problem.
• Example What are the effects of acid rain on
  salamanders?

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FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS

• An educated guess
• A proposed answer to the question or problem.
• A statement that can be tested

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TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS p.1/2

• An experiment is a controlled procedure designed
  to test a hypothesis.
• In an experiment, one variable, or condition, is
  changed and the response of another variable is
  measured.

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THE EXPERIMENT p.2/2

• Independent variable the condition that is
  varied (or changed).
• Dependent variable the condition that responds
  to the changes in the I.V.

• To be a controlled experiment, it must have two
  identical groups
• Experimental group- the group that is exposed to
  the changes in the I.V.
• Control group- the group that is not exposed to
  changes.

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MAKING RECORDING OBSERVATIONS p. 1/4

• Must keep careful records.
• Must state how the experiment was planned,
  carried out, materials equipment used, and how
  long it took.
• Must record all observations made.

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MAKING RECORDING OBSERVATIONS p.2/4

• May include drawings, tables, graphs, diagrams,
  written observations, photographs or even sound
  recordings.

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OBSERVATIONS VS. INFERENCES p.3/4

• Observation- an examination of something in
  nature. Detected by any of the five senses.

• Inference- a judgement based on your observation.
  It is a personal opinion.

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OBSERVATIONS VS. INFERENCES p.4/4
Observation
Inference
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DRAWING CONCLUSIONS p.1/2

• The answer to a scientific question is formulated
  by drawing a conclusion based on data (scientific
  facts collected during the experiment)
• Statistics help form the conclusion.

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CONCLUSIONS p.2/2

• Before accepting conclusions, scientists retest
  their hypotheses several times. Later other
  scientists repeat the experiment until the
  hypothesis and the conclusion are supported or
  rejected.

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Writing a Conclusion

• Restate the problem
• Restate the hypothesis
• Restate the variables
• Define the trends
• Accept or reject the hypothesis and why
• Sources of error

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LAW/THEORY p. 1/3

• When a hypothesis explains how facts of nature
  occurs, it becomes scientific principle or law.
  Example Law of Gravity

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LAW/THEORY p.2/3

• A theory is a set of related hypotheses that have
  been tested and confirmed many times, by many
  scientists. It unites and explains a broad range
  of observations.
• When a hypothesis explains why natural events
  occur through observations and investigations
  over a long period of time, it becomes a theory.
  Example Theory of Evolution

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LAW/THEORY p. 3/3

• At all times, however, theories and principles
  are subject to revision or replacement by a new
  theory or principle that provides a better or
  more complete explanation.

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THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE

• Graphing Exercise