US foreign policy since 1945: The Crisis Years

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US foreign policy since 1945 The Crisis Years

• April 2, 2007

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COSTS OF THE KOREAN WAR

• American casualties 54.000 (Vietnam 58,000)
• South Korean 228.000
• Estimates of Chinese casualties 132.000 (PRC) to
  900.000 (US)
• Estimates of North Korean casualties
• 90.000 (DRK) to 600.000 (US)

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ALLIANCE SYSTEMS

• AMERICAN
• NATO
• Rio Treaty
• ANZUS
• Baghdad Pact CENTO
• SEATO
• Bilateral treaties (Japan, Philippines, S. Korea,
  Taiwan)

• SOVIET
• Sino-Soviet Alliance
• Warsaw Pact

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ON EVERY FRONTCOLD WAR GOES GLOBAL

• Europe
• Middle East
• Far East
• Latin America
• Africa

• Military rivalry
• Economic warfare
• Propaganda struggle
• Scientific competition
• Third World and Decolonization

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TWIN CRISES

• Berlin, 1961
• At stake Germanys Division, American Role in
  Europe
• Outcome The Wall, Division confirmed
• But also Military conflict avoided Cold War
  Become Cold Peace in Europe

• Cuba, 1962
• At stake Cuban Revolution, Monroe Doctrine
• Outcome Castro stays, but dependent on USSR
• Also Nuclear confrontation avoided US-Soviet
  managed competition

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DIVIDED GERMANY, DIVIDED BERLIN
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BERLIN, 1958-1961

• 1949-61 2.6 million East Germans move to West
  Berlin or West Germany (total population of East
  Germany 17 million)
• June 17, 1953 Uprising of East Berlin building
  workers suppressed by Red Army tanks
• December 11, 1957 Leaving East Germany without
  permission is forbidden and violations are
  prosecuted with prison up to three years
• November 1958 Khrushchev ultimatum, withdrawn
• June 1961, Vienna Khrushchev-Kennedy, ultimatum
  renewed
• August 13, 1961 sectoral border between East and
  West Berlin is closed,
• August 26, 1961 all crossing points are closed
  for West Berliners
• June 26, 1963 Kennedy visits Berlin and says
  "Ich bin ein Berliner." ("I am a Berliner.")
• December 17, 1963 West Berliner citizens may
  visit East Berlin the first time after more than
  two years

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CUBA, 1959-1962

• Fidelistas vs. Batista
• Castros Cuba 1959
• US Missiles to Turkey, 1959 (Jupiter)
• May 1960 US ends aid program to Cuba, Soviets
  begin theirs
• Bay of Pigs, April 1961
• Operation Mongoose, January 1962
• June-July 1962, Preparations for missiles begin
  in Cuba
• Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962

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WHY THE MISSILE CRISIS?

• Correct the Nuclear Imbalance?
• Save the Revolution?
• On our part, we will do everything possible to
  stabilize the situation in Cuba defend Cuba
  against invasion and assure you the possibilities
  for peacefully building a socialist society.
• Khrushchev to Castro
• October 28, 1962

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OUTCOMES

• Germany 1962-1989 5,000 leave East Germany
• Cuba Missiles out but Revolution survives
• Stability in Europe, Instability in the Third
  World
• Nuclear Stalemate confirmed, the World of MAD
• Monolith is no more
• Free world divisions