Ecosystembased Fisheries Management in Korea

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Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management in Korea

• Jae Bong Lee
• National Fisheries Research Development
  Institute
• Ministry of Maritime Affairs Fisheries
• Republic of Korea (leejb_at_nfrdi.re.kr)

Chang Ik Zhang Dept. of Marine Production
Management Pukyong National University Republic
of Korea (cizhang_at_pknu.ac.kr)
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Preview of Presentation

• Current status of fisheries resources and
  management policies in Korea
• Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management
• - Initiatives of EBFM in Korea
• - Science and EBFM
• Integrated Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management
  System
• Conclusions

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Catch proportions and area proportions by fishing
area
( ) catch per unit area (mt/km2)
(Zhang, 2004)
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Changes in catch per unit area in NW Pacific
Proportion of over-exploited stocks (Garcia and
Newton, 1997)
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Changes in Fishing Areas by Korean Fisheries
(1960s1990s)
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Exclusive Economic Zones around Korean waters
Korean EEZ
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Catch and CPUE of Korean Fisheries (19672002)
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Changes in Trophic Levels (Zhang and Lee, 2004)
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• Anomalies of TL and catch by three ecosystems

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Current Fisheries Management in Korea

• Mostly indirect control devices
• TAC-based management for ten species
• Community-based self-management
• Enhancement by artificial reefs, releasing fries
  and juveniles, and seaweed beds
• Marine ranching areas
• Buy-back program to reduce fishing vessels
• Operated separately, and unsystematically

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Status of Korean Fisheries

• Reductions in traditional fishing grounds due to
  the EEZ regime
• Depletion of fisheries resources in quantity and
  quality
• Deterioration of coastal ecosystems due to
  pollution
• Increasing imports of fishery products by the
  WTO/FTA regime

-gt Necessary to develop tools and system for
managing fisheries resources in environmentally
sustainable ways Ecosystem-based fisheries
management
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Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management

• Principles of EBFM FAO Code of Conduct for
  Responsible Fisheries (1995)
• EBFM is not discussing a new concept, rather it
  is revising and re-emphasizing principles and
  needs that have long been recognized (Reykjavik
  Declaration on Responsible Fisheries in the
  Marine Ecosystem FAO 2001, 2003)
• Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) is a way
  to implement many of the provisions of the FAO
  Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and
  achieve sustainable development in a fisheries
  context (EAF FAO 2003)

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Environment Policy
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Initiatives of EBM in Korea

• 14 Acts
• 15 Presidential Ministerial Orders
• Major EBM initiatives in Korean
• Basic Act of Ocean and Fisheries Development
• Korean government should conserve
  biodiversity of living marine resources and make
  every effort to reserve and rehabilitate marine
  ecosystem including their habitats

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Element-oriented Initiatives of EBM

• Sustainability of yields (1 Act, 1 Order)
• Fisheries Act
• Fisheries Resources Protection Decree

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Element-oriented Initiatives of EBM

• Maintenance of biodiversity (5 Acts, 3 Orders)
• Basic Act of the Land
• Basic Act of Ocean and Fisheries Development
• Wetland Conservation Act
• Special Act for Ecosystem Conservation of Tokdo
  and other islands

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Element-oriented Initiatives of EBM

• Protection from the effects of pollution and
  habitat degradation (7 Acts, 11 Orders)
• Coastal Management Act
• Protection from Marine Pollution Act
• Natural Park Act
• Basic Act of Environment Policy

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Element-oriented Initiatives of EBM

• Most of Korean Acts with the spirit of EBM are
  more focused on the elements of
• maintenance of biodiversity,
• protection from the effects of pollution and
  habitat degradation,
• rather than sustainability of yields and
  socio-economic benefits

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Science and EBFM

• Major challenges moving towards EBFM
• Setting and measuring progress towards to
  ecosystem-level goals,
• Specifying ecosystem-level indicators and trigger
  points for performance monitoring
• Particular challenges for science
• Vagueness of the terminology (e.g. Ecosystem,
  natural structure and function of ecosystem)
• Very poor understanding of the large scale
  dynamics of food webs and other ecological
  patterns and processes

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Science and EBFM

• Extension to non-target species (e.g. bycatch
  species and other predator species) with targets
  and performance monitoring
• First stage in moving towards EBFM (Hall and
  Mainprize 2004)
• A lack of data and knowledge gaps will result in
  uncertainty about what to measure to monitor
  performance and detect changes (both positive and
  negative) in an ecosystem as a result of
  management actions
• Additional investments in ecological science

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Example of Ecosystem Objectives, Indicators and
Reference Points for Ocean Management Areas
(modified from Gislason et al. 2000)
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• FIB FRP indices of fisheries in the East Sea
  ecosystem

Invertbrates Gastropoda Infauna Epifauna
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• FIB FRP indices of fisheries in the Yellow Sea
  ecosystem

Invertbrates Gastropoda Infauna Epifauna
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Models for Ecosystem-based Management

• Ecopath/Ecosim/Ecospace
• NEMURO, NEMURO.FISH
• MSVPA, MSSPM, MSYPR

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EBM should

• maintain natural structure and function of
  ecosystems
• recognize that human users and values are central
  to ecosystem management
• base management upon a shared vision of
  stakeholders
• appreciate that ecosystems are dynamic
• require a commitment to performance monitoring
  and management.
• (World Wide Fund for Nature
  Ward et al, 2002)

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General Investigation of Marine Ecosystem

• Sediments
• Bottom Composition
• Oceanographic Physics
• Water Quality
• Trace Environments
• Microbiology
• Phytoplankton
• Zooplankton
• Nekton
• Seaweeds
• Benthos (11 sections)
  

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General Investigation of Marine Ecosystem
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Marine Ecosystem Management in Korea
General Investigation of Marine Ecosystem
Stock Rebuilding Plans
Data and Knowledge (Tidal zone, Wetland etc.)
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Vision of Korea (Roh Administration) To
strengthen national power through innovations in
order to construct sustainable welfare society
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Vision of Korean Fisheries Maintaining
abundant/healthy marine ecosystems and
constructing rich fishing villages
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• Four Major Goals in Korean Fisheries
• Rebuilding fishery resources based on ecosystem
  approach
• Modifying structure of fishery production
• Preventing harmful illegal fishing activities
  
• Improving marine environmental quality
• New Fisheries Resource Management Act will be
  
• enacted in 2006

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The great challenge for EBFM is not the
ecological science, but the re-orientation of
established structures of governance to better
suit the place-based nature of the ecological,
economic and social mosaics that constitute
contemporary fisheries (Scandol et. al. 2005)
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Integrated Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management
System
ESLME
KOREA
WSLME
SSLME
Offshore LMEB TAC Management System Coastal EB
Co-Management System Inshore EB Marine Ranching
Management System
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Offshore Ecosystem Management Subsystem

• Target area offshore large marine ecosystem
• (e.g. Yellow Sea, East Sea, East China Sea)
  
• Target fishery offshore fisheries
• Management authority central government
  (eventually, establishing regional management
  body)
• Assessment and management joint surveys,
  assessment, and ecosystem-based precautionary
  management by the management body
  

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Coastal Ecosystem Management Subsystem

• Target area coastal self-regulatory community
  ecosystem
• Target fishery boat fishery, community fishery,
  aquaculture grounds, etc.
• Management authority self-regulating community
• Assessment and management ecosystem-level
  resource enhancement/rebuilding, TAC-based
  management, self-regulating ecosystem and fishery
  (protecting illegal fishing)
• Central government provides knowledge and
• technology for ecosystem-based assessment and
  management

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Inshore Ecosystem Management Subsystem

• Target area marine ranching ecosystems
• Target fishery pole and line fishing, diving
  fishing
• Management authority ranch-related community
• Assessment and management Various enhancement
  activities, ecosystem-based assessment/management,
  TAC-based precautionary management, conservation
  of the ranching ecosystem quality
• Central government provides assistance
• to establish ranch-related communities and
• their infra structure

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Integrated Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management
System
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Conclusions

• Paradigm shift in fisheries management is
  necessary by considering current stock and
  ecosystem conditions, that is, ecosystem-based
  fisheries management .
• Integrated Ecosystem-based Management System
  (IEMS) in Korean waters was recommended to
  the government
• - Offshore Large Ecosystem Management
  Subsystem
• - Inshore Self-Regulating Ecosystem
  Management Subsystem
• - Marine Ranching Ecosystem Management
  Subsystem
• Need to organize multi-ministrial task force
  for planning and operating the IEMS

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Thank you !