Chapter 1 The Study of Life

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• Chapter 1 The Study of Life
• Biology The study of life and living organisms
• Organism Anything capable of carrying on all of
  the processes of life
• Branches of biology
• There are many subtopics within biology a few
  examples well hit upon this year

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• Biochemistry Chemical substances and processes
  in organisms
• Genetics Inheritance passing of traits from
  one generation to next
• Evolution Change in organisms over time
• Cell biology/cytology Cell structure and
  function
• Zoology Animals
• Anatomy Structures of organisms
• Physiology Functions, activities, and processes
  of organisms
• Ecology Interactions of organisms and
  environment

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• Characteristics of Life Life is diverse yet all
  organisms share a set of characteristics
• Living things are organized levels of
  organization vary
• In general atoms ? molecules ? cells? tissues ?
  organs ? organ systems ? organisms
• Cells are the smallest unit of life

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• Multicellular organisms (more than 1 cell) will
  have the above system based on jobs cells perform
  (although some organisms may not have complex
  organs or systems more primitive, ex sponge)
• Cells in these organisms are considered
  specialized (have certain jobs)
• Examples include some fungus, plants, and animals

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• Unicellular organisms (one cell) will be
  organized up to the cellular level
• 1 cell does all jobs for organism
• Examples include bacteria, protists, and some
  fungus

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• Living things acquire materials and energy
• Metabolism all the chemical reactions in cell
• Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain nutrients
  from food eaten
• Ex some bacteria and protists, fungus,
  animals

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• Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food
  through photosynthesis
• Take CO2, H2O, and solar energy to make glucose,
  a simple sugar that can be used as a source of
  energy
• Ex plants, some protists, and some bacteria

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• Living things reproduce
• Reproduction production of offspring
• Prevents extinction of species
• Uses DNA (hereditary information) which can be
  copied
• Can be sexual or asexual

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• Asexual reproduction used by unicellular and
  some multicellular organisms only 1 parent
  offspring has DNA identical to parent
• Sexual reproduction used by multicellular
  organisms 2 parents, each parent contributes ½
  genetic information to offspring offspring has
  mixed traits from parents

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• Living things respond to stimuli
• Stimuli is external
• May be seen as movement, such as movement away
  from danger, or reactions to other organisms.
• Behavior observable, coordinated responses to
  environmental stimuli
• Examples plant growing toward light, hair
  raising on back of cats neck, pupils dilating in
  response to light

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• 5. Living things are homeostatic
• Homeostasis maintaining (relatively) constant
  internal conditions (such as body temperature,
  pH, blood pressure, water balance) regardless of
  external changes
• Examples of homeostatic behavior sweating or
  shivering to maintain body temperature urinary
  system ridding body of wastes

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• 6. Living things grow and develop
• Growth an increase in the number of cells/
  increase in the size
• Occurs through cell division and enlargement
  part of development
• Example getting taller
• Development Changes an organism undergoes
  between conception and death
• Example going through puberty

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• 7. Living things are adapted
• Adaptations modifications that make an organism
  suited to its way of life
• Examples hollow bones of birds for flight,
  gills for fish to breathe in water

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• Adaptations come about through evolution a
  process through which a species changes over time
  
• This is the source of the diversity of life
• Organisms do not develop adaptations during the
  course of their lives

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• Zebra mussel case study
• Anatomy
• Size 1 inch long
• Appearance striped shell
• Physical features
• 2 shells, soft body inside
• sticky threads to attach to hard surface

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• Life span 4-5 years
• Lifestyle
• Activity swim when young, attach to hard
  surface as adults
• Reproduction
• Age 2 yrs to sexually mature
• offspring 400 live young per cycle
• Feeding filter feed algae

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• How they got here
• 1980s came in ballast water of commercial ships
  from Europe
• Went unnoticed as larva
• Why they are so successful here
• Gentle current
• Abundant food
• Good water temperature
• Calcium in water for shells

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• Problems caused in US
• Rob native fish of food source
• Clog water intake pipes
• Expensive to clean up
• Rot docks
• Sink buoys
• Change water chemistry clear water, less
  dissolved O2, more N2 and phosphorous
• Algae blooms

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• Industrial Solutions
• Physically removing them - scraping
• Poison
• UV light
• Electrical currents
• Screens
• Build new pipes below sand

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• Disadvantages
• Cost
• Effect on ecosystem
• Solutions dont necessarily prevent future
  population growth

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• Biological Solutions
• Introduce predator goby fish eats entire animal
• Interfere with feeding prevent opening of shell
• Interfere with reproduction spawn when algae
  supply low, or release eggs and sperm at
  different intervals

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• Disadvantages
• May affect other organisms
• May affect water chemistry
• Population spread over such a wide range hard
  to impact growth

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• Classification
•  
• Taxonomy The study of identifying and
  classifying organisms according to specific
  criteria
•  
• Taxa the categories into which organisms are
  classified
•   
•  

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Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division for
plants) Class Order Family
Genus  Species Did King Phillip Come
Over For Good Spaghetti????
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• Domain Archaea
• Unicellular prokaryotes
• May have been first cells

• Live in aquatic environments that lack oxygen or
  are too salty, too hot, or too acidic for most
  other organisms like primitive Earth(?)

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• Domain Bacteria
• Unicellular prokaryotes

• Found almost anywhere in soil, water,
  atmosphere, on and inside living organisms

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• Domain Eukarya
• Cells contain membrane-bound nucleus
• Four Kingdoms within
• Protists (Protista)
• Fungus (Fungi)
• Plants (Plantae)
• Animals (Animalia)

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•  Modern system of classification
• Grouped according to their presumed evolutionary
  relationship
• Those placed in the same genus will be most
  closely related, those in different domains most
  distantly related
• Ex Those in genus Felis are more closely
  related to each other than organisms in the
  domains Eukarya and Archaea are to each other.
•  

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• Writing scientific names
• Ex Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
• Can be abbreviated H. sapiens
• If typed should be italicized.
• If handwritten should be underlined.
• First word is genus capitalized
• Second word is specific epithet of species within
  a genus lower case
•