Freshwater Wetland Types

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Freshwater Wetland Types
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Shallow Open Water
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Hydrology

• Generally have water depths of less than 6.6 feet
  (2 meters)
• Ponds, river oxbows, shallow bay of a lake

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Dominant Plant Species

• Submergent, floating and floating-leaved aquatic
  vegetation including pondweeds, water-lilies,
  water milfoil, coontail, and duckweeds
  characterize this wetland type.

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Marshes
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Hydrology

• Deep marsh plant communities have standing water
  depths of between 6 inches and 3 or more feet
  during the growing season
• Shallow marsh plant communities have soils that
  are saturated to inundated by standing water up
  to 6 inches in depth, throughout most of the
  growing season

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Dominant Plant Species

• Deep marsh major dominance by cattails, hardstem
  bulrush, pickerelweed, giant bur-reed,
  Phragmites, wild rice, pondweeds and/or
  water-lilies.
• Shallow marsh herbaceous emergent vegetation
  such as cattails, bulrushes, arrowheads, and lake
  sedges characterize this community.

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Inland Fresh Meadows
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Sedge Meadows
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Hydrology

• Sedge meadows can be supported by groundwater and
  surface water runoff

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Dominant Plant Species

• Sedge meadows are dominated by the sedges
  (Cyperaceae) growing on saturated soils (Carex
  dominates)
• Also present are Eleocharis (spike-rushes),
  Scirpus (bulrushes),

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hummock sedge (Carex stricta), Chippewa County,
Wisconsin.
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Wet Meadows
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Hydrology

• Usually supported by groundwater and surface
  water runoff

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Dominant Plant Species

• hummock sedge (Carex stricta)
• lake sedge (Carex lacustris)
• Canada bluejoint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis)
  
• woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus)
• marsh milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)
• arrow-leaved tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum)
• water pepper (Polygonum hydropiper)

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Wet Prairie
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Hydrology

• High groundwater table and, to a lesser extent,
  surface runoff

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Dominant Plant Species

• open, herbaceous plant communities dominated by
  native grass and grass-like species at least
  half of the vegetative cover is made up of true
  grasses
• similar to fresh (wet) meadows, but are dominated
  by native grasses and forbs associated with
  prairies such as prairie cord-grass, big
  bluestem, gayfeather, New England aster, culver's
  root, prairie dock and sawtooth sunflower

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Calcareous Fens
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Hydrology

• Upwelling, calcareous groundwater discharge
• Small, calcareous streams frequently originate in
  the fen complex due to the groundwater discharge

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Dominant Plant Species

• sterile sedge (Carex sterilis)
• beaked spike-rush (Eleocharis rostellata)
• fen beak-rush (Rhynchospora capillacea)
• whorled nut-rush (Scleria verticillata)
• common valerian (Valeriana edulis) twig-rush
  (Cladium mariscoides)
• white lady-slipper (Cypripedium candidum)

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Bogs
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Open Bogs
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Hydrology

• Ground water sourced with peaty soils saturated
  to the surface

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Dominant Plant Species

• sphagnum mosses (Sphagnum spp.)
• bog sedge (Carex oligosperma)
• tawny cottongrass (Eriophorum virginicum)
• three-way sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum)
• leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata)
• bog rosemary (Andromeda glaucophylla)
• bog buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata)
• poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix)
• broad-leaved cattail (Typha latifolia)

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Pitcher plant
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Coniferous Bogs
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Hardwood Swamps
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Hydrology

• Groundwater discharge (seepages).

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Dominant Plant Species

• black ash (Fraxinus nigra), red maple (Acer
  rubrum), formerly American Elm
• groundlayer dominated by
• lake sedge (Carex lacustris),
• ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris) and
• marsh marigold (Caltha palustris)
• wood reedgrass (Cinna latifolia)
• jewelweed (Impatiens capensis)
• jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum)
• giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)

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Floodplain Forests
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Hydrology

• Seasonal flood pulses
• Inundated during spring flood events and heavy
  summer rainfall events

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Dominant Plant Species

• silver maple (Acer saccharinum)
• wood nettle (Laportea canadensis)
• honewort (Cryptotaenia canadensis)
• green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica),
• eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides),
• riverbank grape (Vitis riparia),
• jewelweed (Impatiens capensis),
• stinging nettle (Urtica dioica),

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