Indias History Since Harappa

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Indias History Since Harappa
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Maurya

• Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE began ruling the
  northern plain of the Indian subcontinent.
• Chandraguptas grandson Ashoka helped advance the
  empire.
• Began as violent ruler then converted to Buddhism
  
• He renounced violence and worked to spread
  Buddhism throughout Asia
• Highlights of Mauryan Dynasty
• Spread of Buddhism
• Roads Built (Importance?)
• Large administration for ruling (tax collection)
• Religious Tolerance

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Gupta Empire

• 320 AD Chandragupta I
• Increased trade with China and other Asian
  countries
• Art, Literature and Mathmatics became central to
  the Gupta empire.
• Golden Age Advancements
• Astronomy
• Decimal system
• The concept of 0
• Measured the earth
• Arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals

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Gupta
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A Thousand Years of Unrest

• For a long period after the decline of the Gupta,
  India lacked organization.
• Waves of Huns swept through the region
• Indian culture remained strong nevertheless

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Muslim Invaders

• In the mid-600s AD waves of Mongols, Afghans,
  Turks and Persians invaded India.
• Some came and went, others set up kingdoms
• Muslim Capital established in Delhi in 1200.
• Sultans (the new Muslim rulers) forced
  non-Muslims to pay special taxes
• Built colleges, hospitals, dams and reservoirs as
  well as 200 new towns.

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Muslim Culture

• Muslim culture never absorbed
• Very different cultures
• Results
• Muslims destroyed Hindu temples
• Required believers to follow the Koran
• Cattle was a source of food for Muslims
• Many Hindus converted in the North but not in
  south

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Mughal Empire

• Babur 1526 helped unite the India and brought the
  two cultures together.
• Grandson Akbar promoted religious tolerance.
• He appointed Hindus to government jobs
• Married a Hindu princess
• Abolished the Jizya (non-Muslim tax)
• Blended art and architecture of Hindu and Islam
• Became very wealthy empire

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Mughal
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Europeans Arrive

• Portuguese established trading posts
• Missionaries converted Indians to Christianity
• Soon the Dutch and English began trading with the
  Indians
• English wanted to keep trade peaceful and simple

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1600 East India Company

• Built several trading posts in India
• Gold and silver was traded for cotton, silk, tea
  and spices
• The Mughal rulers did not like the Europeans at
  first.
• Britain and France took advantage of the decline
  of the Mughal empire and began fighting for
  control of the fragmented kingdoms throughout
  India
• Britain won out and gained complete control of
  India
• Robert Clive (member of the East India Company)
• Victories as a military leader

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East India Company Rule

• British encouraged the internal fighting and used
  it to keep control. (No Unity)
• Eventually the company got the rights to collect
  taxes and rule by establish local governments and
  rewriting laws that helped establish their rule.
• Often established relations with local rulers to
  maintain control
• Warren Hastings Indias 1st Governor-General
• Lord Wellesley 5th Governor-General
• Both men increased control of India by Britain

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Early Rebellions

• Angered at
• Britains taxes
• Efforts to convert to Christianity
• British outlaw of Hindu practices
• The Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
• Sepoys (Indian troops who were a part of the
  British army, were upset about their rifles being
  greased with beef and pork fat. (Sacred)
• Also new law required Sepoys to fight for Britain
  in foreign lands (leaving was against religion)
• Sepoys rebelled in 1857. Later were put down.
• Left a lasting distrust between India and British

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1858 India Becomes Official Colony

• 1878 Queen Victoria became Empress of India.
• India ruled through appointed officials
• British took control of the courts

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British Rule

• Built Infrastructure (Roads, telegraph systems,
  railroads, ports, etc.) to help them rule the
  empire
• Economy changed from a manufacturing to a cash
  crop (beneficial to the colonizing country) tea,
  cotton, pepper and coffee
• Food became scarce
• Improved healthcare and sanitation increased
  population
• Built schools and colleges
• English helped unify India
• Taught political ideas of liberty and democracy

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British Infrastructure
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Nationalism

• Indian National Congress
• Called for gradual change at first then began
  more fierce struggle after WWI
• Mohandas Gandhi took leadership 1920
• Britain began turning over a bit of control
• Gandhi promoted peaceful revolution
• Attempt as peaceful gathering led to 379 Indians
  being killed at the Amritsar Massacre

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Gandhis Principles

• Studied law in England
• Practiced law in South Africa focusing on
  nonviolent resistance to end injustice
  (satyagraha)
• Wanted to awaken the world to the wrongdoings of
  the British
• Follower called him Mahatma (great soul)
• Turn away from western ideas turn toward
  traditional
• Emphasized self-discipline, love for all,
  non-violence, civil justice

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Traditional Ways
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Strikes, protests, boycotts

• Campaign of civil disobedience 1920s
• The Salt March 1930
• Protested tax on salt
• Went on 200 mile march to make salt from seawater
• 50000 arrested for breaking law (only allowed to
  by taxed salt)

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Salt Mach
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WWII

• Indians refused to support war unless granted
  independence
• Britain refused
• Quit India Non-Cooperation and Civil
  disobedience toward the British
• Arrests for more than 20000 Indians

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Nationalism Wins Out

• Nationalisms strength in India coupled with the
  fact that most British no longer agreed with the
  colonization of territory, Britain moved India
  towards independence
• Britain was also weakened by their participation
  in the war.

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Muslim-Hindu Conflict

• To prevent a civil war in India, Britain formed
  two nations, Pakistan and India, and passed the
  independence act giving India their independence
• In 1971- Bangladesh was formed out of East
  Pakistan
• Fighting exploded between the Muslims and Hindus.
  ½ million people died.
• Hindus migrated into India and Muslims into
  Pakistan (15 million)

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Gandhis Reaction

• Gandhi refused to celebrate the independence
  because of the violence
• He help prayer meetings, reading from the Koran,
  the Bible and the Bhagavad-Gita
• A Hindu extremist was upset by Gandhis reaction
  attended a prayer meeting, bowed at Gandhis
  feet, rose and shot him.

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The New India

• A constitution was written
• Democratic Republic
• Equality, justice, and liberty
• Federal government with a central government and
  25 state and 7 territory governments.
• President appoints state governors
• Parliament is elected and leading party appoints
  a prime minister. The real head of the
  government. (president is a figure head)
• 2 Houses
• Council of State Elected by the legislature
• House of the People People elect the members
• All citizens over 18 have the right to vote

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Issues

• Government trying to prevent untouchables Upper
  casts upset
• Law forbidding
• Providing government jobs
• Cultural groups trying to gain independence
  Separatist violence
• Sikh separatism Punjab (state) majority. No
  such luck
• Muslim-Hindu conflict continues (100 million
  muslims still inhabit india.
• Kashmir Conflict
• Nuclear Conflict
• Religious Conflicts

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Economy and Industry

• Mixed Economy
• Transition from cash crop to industry
• Farming has been improved
• Building of wells, canals and dams
• Success Flood prevention and food output
• Green Revolution New seeds and farming methods
  to improve output
• Land reform- Take from large land and sell to
  small farmers

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Life in India

• Villages
• General
• ½ with electricity
• Few have running water
• Oxen pulled plows
• Becoming advanced slowly
• Improving healthcare

• Education
• At independence only 10 literacy
• ½ children attended school
• Now 61 literacy rate
• Family
• 95 all marriages are arranged
• Move toward nuclear family
• Women subordinate

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Education and Literacy
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Inequality

• Boys receive better healthcare, education and
  even diets
• Untouchables still struggle yet some progress has
  been made