NATIVE species

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• NATIVE species
• Species that have evolved in a specific area
  over a period of time, have no evidence of human
  introduction, and are part of the natural
  biodiversity of the place.
• INTRODUCED species
• Non-native species that have been intentionally
  or unintentionally brought into an area by
  humans.

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• INTRODUCED species
• INVASIVE species
• An introduced species that can alter the natural
  ecology and can spread widely

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Invasions are increasing in frequency
N298
Ruiz et al. 2000
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• Routes of Introduction
• Direct introduction
• Arrive with cultured oysters
• International shipping
• Ballast water, ship fouling
• Intraregional transport
• Stepping stone

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• Routes of Introduction

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How do introduced species become invasive?

• Succession Hypotheses
• Characteristics of invaders
• Unused resources
• Unfilled niches
• Disturbance/ecosystem instability
• Enemy release hypothesis
• No enemies pathogens, parasites, and predators

http//www.cdfa.ca.gov/
Purple Loosestrife
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• Why do we care?
• Loss of habitat greatest threat to biodiversity.
  
• Second biological invasion
• The cost of invasive species
• Environmental
• e.g. species extinction, habitat loss,
  biodiversity loss, etc
• Economic
• e.g. toxic weeds, agriculture pests, low farm
  production, less tourism/recreational revenue,
  etc
• Human health
• e.g. non-indigenous pathogens and hosts

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Elkhorn Slough (ES)
Native
Lined Shore Crabs Pachygrapsus crassipes
California Horn Snail Cerithidea californica
Invasive
Introduced ---
www.elkhornslough.org
Benthic Lab, MLML
Australian tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus
Orange Sponge Hymeniacidon sinapium
www.elkhornslough.org
www.elkhornslough.org
Japanese Mud Snail Batillaria attramentaria
European Green Crab Carcinus maenas
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A Tale of Two Snails
Japanese Mud Snail Batillaria attramentaria
California Horn Snail Cerithidea californica
NATIVE snails
INTRODUCED snails

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HOW DO WE DETERMINE WHAT SPECIES OF SNAIL WE
HAVE?

• MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
• DIFFERENCES IN DNA

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USING DNA TO DIFFERENTIATE SPECIES

• DIFFERENT SPECIES HAVE DIFFERENT NUCLEOTIDE
  SEQUENCES IN THEIR DNA DUE TO MUTATIONS OVER TIME

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HOW DO WE EASILY COMPARE DNA SEQUENCES?

• GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
• LOOK IN A DNA DATABASE

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GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

• ISOLATE DNA FROM YOUR SAMPLE
• USE RESTRICTION ENZYME TO CUT DNA INTO DIFFERENT
  SIZED PIECES
• RUN A GEL TO VISUALIZE DNA FRAGMENTS

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RESTRICTION ENZYMES

• Restriction enzyme
• A protein that recognizes a particular sequence
  of DNA and cuts the DNA there (the restriction
  site)
• Digestion
• the act of breaking down into pieces

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Different enzymesdifferent sitesdifferent cuts
Eco RI
Sma I
Pst I

• http//www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/popups/ani_c
  utting.cfm

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VIRTUAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

• GACAATCGTATGCGGGACTGTGTTTTTCTTGGTACAACTGCGGGAATATT
  ATTGAAACTCCTACACTATTGCAGATAGGGTTTATGGCAGGGTTTTCTAA
  TTACTAACTGGATTCCATGGGATACATGTCGTCGTAGGGACTATTTGGCT
  AATTGGTAAGGTTAGTTCGACTATGACGCGGGGAGTTTTCTAGTCAACGA
  CATTTCGGGTTTGAGGCTTGTATTTGGTACTGACAATTTTGTAGATGTGG
  TGTGAGTGGCATTGTGGTGCTTAGTGTACGTGTGGTTTGGAGGATGATTA
  TATATGTGATGGTTTAAGATATGGGATGGGGATGTTTACACATTTAAGT
• http//tools.neb.com/NEBcutter2/index.php

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BLAST

• LIKE A GOOGLE SEARCH
• DNA DATABASE
• USED TO CONFIRM SPECIES ID
• http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/

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SO

• BASED ON GEL ELECTROPHORESIS AND BLAST RESULTS,
  WE CAN CONCLUDE..
• THESE SNAILS ARE ALL BATTILARIA (THE JAPANESE
  INVADER)

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Case Study Batillaria attramentaria

• Introduced to ES in 1929 with oyster culture
• Supplement S2 ES history Oyster Farming
• ES has the highest density, estimated up to
  10,000/m2 (Byers 1999)

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Case Study B. attramentaria

• Areas along the Pacific
• Coast of North
• America where
• Batillaria are present,
• Cerithidea are present,
• Both are present or
• Both are absent
• (Byers 1999)
• Currently, there is no Cerithidea in Elkhorn
  Slough, but it was found in 1850 and 1857.
• Maximum coexistence was predicted to be 35 years
  (Byers 1999).

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Case Study B. attramentaria

• This exotic species can out-compete the native
  California Horn snail, C. californica, due to
• its efficiency in converting resources to growth
• higher dispersal rates
• better tolerance to hypoxia
• lighter parasite loads
• (Byers 2000 a-c)
• Supplement S3 C. californica vs. B.
  attramentaria in SFB

Succession hypothesis
Predator release hypothesis
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A Tale of Two Snails

• Common traits
• Live in the mud flats, salt marshes
• Feed on epipelic/benthic diatoms
• Have parasitic trematodes

What are the similarities and differences between
these two snails?

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Part 1 Observations and Hypotheses

• In 2004 and 2005 students in the Marine Ecology
  class at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories carried
  out studies focused on the Batillaria in Elkhorn
  Slough
• Data from these projects has been adapted for the
  lab and field project

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Part 1 Observations and Hypotheses

• Objective
• Density of and Parasite Prevalence in the
  Invasive Japanese Mud Snails, Batillaria
  attramentaria, in Elkhorn Slough.

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Paulas Graph For Percent Infected In The Elkhorn
Slough