Ecology

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Ecology
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What is ecology?
What is the proper PATH OF STUDY for
ecological studies?
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Individuals to populations
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Individuals to populations
Populations to community
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Individuals to populations
Populations to community
Communities to ecosystem
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Individuals to populations
Populations to community
Communities to ecosystem
Ecosystems to biosphere
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Growth rates within a population
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Growth rates within a population
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More realistic growth rate within a population
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CARRYING CAPACITY
Remember what Thomas Malthus wrote Environments
can only support a specific number of organisms.
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K-selected species are DENSITY-DEPENDENT r-selec
ted species are DENSITY-INDEPENDENT
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K-selected species have a long maturation time,
breed relatively late in life, have a long
lifespan, producing relatively few offspring,
large newborn offspring, low mortality rates of
young, and extensive parental care. Examples of a
K-selected species include elephants, bonobo apes
and humans. r-selected species are the opposite.
They are very opportunistic. The attributes of a
r-selected species include a short maturation
time, breeding at a young age, a short lifespan,
producing many offspring quickly, small
offspring, high mortality rates of young, and
nonexistent parental care. Examples of r-selected
species include waterfleas, insects, and bacteria.
K-selected species have a long maturation time,
breed relatively late in life, have a long
lifespan, producing relatively few offspring,
large newborn offspring, low mortality rates of
young, and extensive parental care. Examples of a
K-selected species include elephants, bonobo apes
and humans. r-selected species are the opposite.
They are very opportunistic. The attributes of a
r-selected species include a short maturation
time, breeding at a young age, a short lifespan,
producing many offspring quickly, small
offspring, high mortality rates of young, and
nonexistent parental care. Examples of r-selected
species include waterfleas, insects, and bacteria.
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K-selected species have a long maturation time,
breed relatively late in life, have a long
lifespan, producing relatively few offspring,
large newborn offspring, low mortality rates of
young, and extensive parental care. Examples of a
K-selected species include elephants, bonobo apes
and humans. r-selected species are the opposite.
They are very opportunistic. The attributes of a
r-selected species include a short maturation
time, breeding at a young age, a short lifespan,
producing many offspring quickly, small
offspring, high mortality rates of young, and
nonexistent parental care. Examples of r-selected
species include waterfleas, insects, and bacteria.
year worlds population 1650 5
108 1800 109 1930 2
109 1978 4 109 2003
6 109
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Population pyramids show age distributions within
populations
What would a NEGATIVE growth pyramid look like?
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Key Abiotic Factors
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Key Abiotic Factors SUNLIGHT Provides
energy affects air/water temperature
determines where plants can live, which
determines where animals can live
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Key Abiotic Factors WATER All organisms
require water for their chemical reactions to
occur but too much of a good thing can be a
bad thing
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Key Abiotic Factors AIR/WATER
TEMPERATURE Range for living things is
approximately 0oC. to 50oC. but there
is Thermophilus Aquaticus
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Key Abiotic Factors
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T. aqauticus loves to live here
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Key Abiotic Factors SOIL QUALITY
Nutrient- rich vs. nutrient-poor density
these determine plant and thus animal life it
can support
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soils
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Key Abiotic Factors WIND Affects plant life
(e.g., pollination) affects water habitats
(viz., waves)
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global wind patterns
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CLIMATE and WEATHER Whats the
difference? What variables affect these?
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CLIMATE and WEATHER
The surface climate is the average or normal
state of Earth's surface conditions. The surface
weather is the actual state of the Earth's
surface at any given time.
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BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
DEFINITION?
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Populations interact with each other in a
community
COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION vs. OCCUPYING NICHES
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These animals encounter very little competition
because of the NICHE they occupy
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Predator/prey relationships
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Predator/prey relationships Predators
typically
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Predator/prey relationships Predators
typically ?are fast, agile
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Predator/prey relationships Predators
typically ?are fast, agile ?are well
camouflaged
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Predator/prey relationships Predators
typically ?are fast, agile ?are well
camouflaged ?have keen senses
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Predator/prey relationships Predators
typically ?are fast, agile ?are well
camouflaged ?have keen senses ?have physical
adaptations
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Predator/prey relationships Predators
typically ?are fast, agile ?are well
camouflaged ?have keen senses ?have physical
adaptations ?(some) cooperate
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Predator/prey relationships Prey
typically ?are fast, agile
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Predator/prey relationships Prey
typically ?are fast, agile ?are well
camouflaged
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Predator/prey relationships Prey
typically ?are fast, agile ?are well
camouflaged ?have keen senses
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Predator/prey relationships Prey
typically ?are fast, agile ?are well
camouflaged ?have keen senses ?(some) are
poisonous
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Predator/prey relationships Prey
typically ?are fast, agile ?are well
camouflaged ?have keen senses ?(some) are
poisonous ?(some) can be dangerous
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When a pitbull picks a fight with a porcupine
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Symbioses parasitism helpful to parasite
harmful to host
Toxoplasma gondii
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Symbioses mutualism both host and guest
benefit (in different ways)
E. coli in the human colon
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Symbioses commensalism one benefits, the
other neither benefits nor is harmed
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Simpsons Index of Dominance
D ? (pi)2
Index of Diversity
1-D 1-? (pi)2
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Ecology of wetlands POND ECOLOGY
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Key concepts autotroph food
chain heterotroph food web
producer littoral zone consumer limnetic
zone decomposer photic zone
detritovore profundal zone
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Importance of DECOMPOSERS
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