Activity Index

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Activity Index

• Modern Problems in Latin America
• The Legacy of Colonialism
• The Cold War Comes Calling

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Vocabulary Index

• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
• Conference of Berlin
• Coup detat
• Dirty War
• Enlightenment (The)
• Globalization
• Land Reform
• Junta
• NAFTA
• Nationalization
• Standard of Living
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Third World (The)
• Truman Doctrine (The)

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3
The Cold War comes calling
Instructions 1 Open up the corresponding
worksheet by clicking here 2 Using the
vocabulary index, look up the meaning of the
words CIA, Land Reform, Nationalization,
Dirty War, Junta, Truman Doctrine,
standard of living, and Coup detat. 3
Select three of the nations below (by clicking on
the flags of your choices) and explore Americas
involvement with this nation during the Cold War
by reading the slides and answering the questions
on the accompanying worksheet. 4 After youve
researched 3 nations hit the escape key (esc) to
exit.
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Modern Problems of Africa and Latin America

• Africa
• Poverty
• Environmental
• Corrupt Governments
• Ethnic Conflict
• Legacy of Colonialism
• Cold War Competition

• Latin America
• Poverty
• Environmental
• Fragile Democracy
• Racism
• Legacy of Colonialism
• Cold War Competition

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The World
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Modern Problems of Latin America

• Latin America
• Poverty
• Environmental
• Fragile Democracy
• Racism
• Legacy of Colonialism
• Cold War Competition

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(No Transcript)
8
Legacy of Colonialism

• Instructions
• 1 Using the vocabulary index, look up the
  meaning of the words Third World,
  Enlightenment, Globalization, Treaty of
  Tordesillas, Conference of Berlin and NAFTA.
• 2 Go through the corresponding slides until
  reaching the stop sign answering the questions
  and filling in the answers on your worksheet when
  prompted.

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9
Legacy of Colonialism
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• Mainly colonized by the Spanish and Portuguese
  looking for gold and silver beginning in 1492.
  The territory was divided by the Pope at the 1494
  Treaty of Tordesillas.

Colonization mainly began after the 1884
Conference of Berlin where the European powers
divided the lands of Africa up amongst themselves
with Britain, France and Germany gaining the
largest shares in hopes of exploiting Africas
large supplies of gold and diamonds.
What is similar about the colonization of both
Latin America and Africa?
10
Issues facing Africa and Latin America
What is similar about the colonization of both
Latin America and Africa?
In both cases the areas were divided by
Europeans with little regard to local issues.
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11
Legacy of Colonialism
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• Despite making up only a fraction of the
  population, the European minority was able to
  control the African population
• The Europeans established quotas for delivery of
  raw materials for African workers to deliver.
• A social class system was established that
  favored Europeans and members of tribes most
  loyal to the colonial government.

• Under the Spanish and the Portuguese an estimated
  96 of the original population died through
  contact with the Europeans (disease and warfare)
• The Europeans began importing slaves from Africa
  to do hard labor on the sugar plantations of
  Latin America
• A rigid social class system developed where
  people were rights were given and denied based
  upon ethnicity and national origin.

How did the Europeans maintain control over the
native populations of Africa and Latin America?
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Issues facing Africa and Latin America
How did the Europeans maintain control over the
native populations of Africa and Latin America?

• Superior technology
• Both Africa and Latin America suffered under
  social structures imposed by the Europeans that
  resulted in ethnic conflict and racism.

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13
Legacy of Colonialism
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• African nations mainly gained their independence
  after World War II while the European powers were
  recovering from years of bloodshed and expenses.
• Africa gained its freedom under the revolutionary
  leadership of men like Kwame Nkrumah and Patrice
  Lamumba educated in Europe about the ideas of the
  Enlightenment.

• Latin American nations mainly gained their
  independence after the Napoleonic Wars while the
  European powers were recovering from years of
  bloodshed and expenses.
• Latin America gained its freedom under the
  revolutionary leadership of men like Simon
  Bolivar, educated in Europe about the ideals of
  the Enlightenment.

What are two commonalities between the ways in
which Africa and Latin America received their
independence?
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Issues facing Africa and Latin America
What are two commonalities between the ways in
which Africa and Latin America received their
independence?

1. In both cases the European powers were distracted
   by events closer to home
2. In both cases independence movements were led by
   individuals familiar with the ideals of the
   Enlightenment.

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15
Legacy of Colonialism
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• After de-colonization local strongmen backed by
  the CIA or the Soviet KGB took control of the
  newly independent African nations and generally
  denied the people democracy in favor of the
  stability of dictatorship. The ruling class grew
  wealthy while the rest of the continent sank into
  deep poverty.
• The natural resources of Africa were strip mined
  and sold off to European and American companies
  providing money to the ruling classes, but not to
  the people of Africa.

• After de-colonization local strongmen took
  control and despite the promises of democracy,
  dictatorship continued to rule in Latin America
  as the upper classes grew wealthy and the lower
  classes fell deeper and deeper into poverty.
• The natural resources of Latin America (sugar,
  tropical fruit, coffee) were bought up by
  American companies providing money to the ruling
  class but not to the people of Latin America.

How was the post independence experience similar
in Africa and Latin America?
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Issues facing Africa and Latin America
How was the post independence experience similar
in Africa and Latin America?

• In both Africa and Latin America strongmen were
  able to take control of the new nations and deny
  the people democracy and natural rights.
• Those same dictators were also selling off their
  nations natural resources to foreigners for
  personal gain.

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STOP
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Effects of colonization on Africa and Latin
America

• Ethnic Conflict and Racism (local and worldwide)
• Corrupt governments and a mistrust of democracy.
• Exploitation of resources and people (leads to
  widespread poverty and destruction of the
  environment.

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19
Modern Problems of Latin America

• Latin America
• Poverty
• Environmental
• Fragile Democracy
• Racism
• Legacy of Colonialism
• Cold War Competition

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20
The Enlightenment

• Took place in Europe between the sixteen and
  seventeen hundreds.
• Philosophers like John Locke, J.J. Rousseau and
  Voltaire questioned the relationship between man
  and the state in search for natural rights.

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21
Standard of Living

• Standard of living refers to the quality and
  quantity of goods that are available in a
  society.
• The U.S. and other developed nations enjoy a high
  standard of living while nations in Africa, Latin
  America and other places in the third world
  suffer from a relatively low standard of living.

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22
The Third World

• Expression used to describe the developing
  world after World War II.
• Third World countries are usually former colonies
  and in need of assistance and aid to develop
  their natural resources.

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23
Globalization

• Globalization refers to increasing global
  connectivity, integration and interdependence in
  economics, technology, culture, politics, and the
  environment.
• An example would be the flow of goods. People in
  America drive cars built in Japan using a fuel
  found in Saudi Arabia transported to America on a
  ship built in Finland.

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24
Conference of Berlin

• A meeting held in Berlin in the 1880s hosted by
  Otto Von Bismark.
• At the conference the European imperialist powers
  divided Africa amongst themselves.
• Africa was divided based upon European needs and
  not according to tribal boundaries in Africa.
• Sometimes referred to as the Scramble for Africa

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Treaty of Tordesillas

• An agreement negotiated by the Pope in the late
  1400s that divided the world between Portugal
  and Spain.
• By this agreement Spain received most of the new
  world (with the exception of Brazil) and Portugal
  received the majority of Africa.

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Nationalization

• Economic policy where a nation takes control of
  industries owned by foreign companies. (ex. Iran
  takes control over oil fields owned by Exxon)
• Nationalization favors poor nations rich in
  resources being exploited by foreign companies.

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27
Central Intelligence Agency

• Branch of the U.S. government responsible for
  identifying threats to the U.S. often through
  espionage and covert (undercover or secret)
  actions.
• During the Cold War one of the CIAs main
  missions was to stop the spread of communism into
  the third world.

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28
The Truman Doctrine

• U.S. Cold War policy to offer military aid to any
  and all who opposed communist expansion
• Part of the containment strategy.

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29
Dirty War

• The secret murder and torture of left wing
  opposition to the military led Argentine
  government between the years 1976 and 1983.
• The Dirty war came to an end after Argentinas
  military Junta fell from power after it lost the
  brief Falkland Islands war with Britain in 1982

The faces of only a handful of those who vanished
during Argentinas dirty war.
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Coup detat

• Sometimes referred to simply as a coup this is
  the sudden replacement of a nations government
  through unconstitutional means.
• Similar to a revolution, however in a coup the
  violence and bloodshed is often limited.

Napoleons seizure of power in revolutionary
France is an example of a coup.
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31
Junta

• The Spanish word for committee it has taken on an
  English meaning for a group of military men who
  seize power in a nation.
• Junta usually refers to Latin American nations,
  however the term can be used to describe other
  unelected military governments.

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32
Land Reform

• Economic policy of land redistribution where the
  government takes land from the rich and gives it
  to the poor.
• Popular among revolutionaries (Lenin, Castro and
  Robespierre) and nationalists like Arbenz and
  Lamumba.

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33
NAFTA

• The North American Free Trade Agreement
• A deal between Mexico, the United States and
  Canada not to use tariffs (taxes on imports) in
  an effort to improve the economies of all three
  nations.
• NAFTA has been controversial as people in all
  three nations debate its effectiveness.

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34
Chile
Chile is the long slender nation that stretches
along South Americas southwest coast. Chile is
rich in copper and other metal deposits. The
copper is very important to the United States as
it is being used to create telephone lines across
America. Chiles natural resources are owned by
American corporations proving great profits to
Americans and upper class Chileans while the
majority of Chileans live in abject poverty. In
1972 Chileans overwhelmingly elect the Socialist
candidate Salvatore Allende who promises to
improve the lives of Chiles people by
redistributing the nations wealth from the rich
to the poor and by demanding more from the
American corporations for Chiles natural
resources.
The CIA feels that Allendes policies are too
close to Communism and that if he remains in
power he will lead Chile and its valuable metals
away from the U.S. and into the arms of the
Soviet Union.
Click here if you think the American President
agreed with the CIA director
Click here if you think the American President
disagreed with the CIA director.
35
Wise decision Mr. President!
The Allende government will cause us nothing but
trouble and he will raise the costs of phone
service in America just to benefit some Chileans.
The CIA can sponsor a revolution in Chile and
overthrow Allende, replacing him with someone
less communist and more to our liking.
Click here to order the overthrow of Allende
Click here if youd like to try and work with
Allende by forcing the American public and
corporations to pay higher prices to help out the
Chilean people.
36
The Rise of Pinochet
The CIA selected Chilean general Augusto Pinochet
as the next leader of Chile and funded and aided
in his 1973 coup de tat. In the coup Allende was
killed and took control of Chile. Pinochet
banned the socialist parties that were part of
Allende's government and all political parties
other than his own. The government violently
repressed (punished) all who opposed it. It is
not known exactly how many people were killed by
government and forces during the 17 years that he
was in power however it is estimated that 2,279
people who disappeared during the military
government were killed for political reasons, and
at least 30,000 tortured according while several
thousands more were exiled.
Chile remained a U.S. ally in the Cold War, the
cost of phone service in the U.S. remained low
and the Chilean people now lived in poverty and
terror.
Click here to select another nation
Thousands of Chileans were held and in secret
camps like the one seen to the left.
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Guatemala
Jacobo Arbenz won over 60 of the vote in
Guatemala's first ever free election. He
campaigned as a nationalist and promised to make
changes to help the average Guatemalan. Arbenz
main policy was of land reform where the
government would pay large land owners for the
unplanted portions of their land and give it to
poor peasants giving them the opportunity to
begin building their own farms.
The CIA feels that Arbenzs policies are too
close to communism and they will lead Guatemala
out of the American camp and into the arms of the
Soviet Union.
Click here if you think the American President
disagreed with the CIA director.
Click here if you think the American President
agreed with the CIA director
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Wise decision Mr. President!
The Arbenz government will cause us nothing but
trouble and he will raise the costs of produce
and sugar in America, just to benefit some
Guatemalan farmers?. The CIA can sponsor a
revolution in Guatemala and overthrow Arbenz,
replacing him with someone less communist and
more to our liking.
Click here to order the overthrow of Arbenz
Click here if youd like to try and work with
Arbenz by forcing the American public and
corporations to pay higher prices to help out the
Guatemalan people.
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Civil War in Guatemala
Arbenz was overthrown in a CIA orchestrated
(organized) coup and replaced with a pro U.S.
military dictator who was later overthrown in a
violent revolution which has led to a thirty plus
year civil war in Guatemala. Thousands have been
killed, wounded or disappeared and the United
Fruit Company plantations have ceased to operate
because of the seemingly unending violence.
Chile remained a U.S. ally in the Cold War, the
cost of phone service in the U.S. remained low
and the Chilean people now lived in poverty and
terror.
Click here to select another nation
Today Guatemalan children play in mounds of trash
as they struggle to find life during the bloodshed
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Argentina
Argentina is South Americas second largest
nation made up of the plains on the eastern side
of the Andes mountains east of Chile and
Southwest from Brazil. Argentina is one of the
worlds largest producers of beef. While
Argentinas resources may not be as exciting as
some its neighbors its size and population make
it a valuable Cold War ally. Like most of Latin
America, Argentina has been ruled by a series of
military dictatorships since colonial times.
Recently the poverty stricken people have turned
toward the socialist military leader Juan Peron
electing him President.
The CIA feels that Perons policies are too
populist and will lead Argentina out of the
American camp and into the arms of the Soviet
Union. Despite Perons claims of concern for his
people we could probably buy him off and install
a government more to our liking.
Click here if you think the American President
disagreed with the CIA director.
Click here if you think the American President
agreed with the CIA director
41
Wise decision Mr. President!
The Peron government will cause us nothing but
trouble and he will raise the costs of beef in
America just, to benefit some Argentinean
workers? The CIA can offer support to some
politically more reliable Argentinean Generals to
replace him with someone less communist and more
to our liking.
Click here to support the overthrow of Peron
Click here if youd like to try and work with
Peron by forcing the American public and
corporations to pay higher prices to help out the
Argentine people.
42
Military Junta in Argentina
In 1954 Juan Peron was overthrown by a group of
military leaders (much in the same way he
originally gained power in 1943). Although there
is no direct connection between the new Argentine
government and the U.S., America was quite happy
to see the left leaning Peron ousted from power.
Argentina endured a series of military
governments until 1973 when Peron was briefly
returned to power in democratic elections. Peron
died in office in 1974 resulting in another
series of military Juntas ruling Argentina until
1983.
Between 1976 and 1983, Argentinas series of
military Juntas led something known as the
dirty war where thousands of Argentine leftists
(Communists, socialists, unionists and Peron
supporters) were killed, tortured or simply
disappeared.
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Argentinas corrupt yet popular dictator Juan
Peron
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Cuba
The slender island of Cuba, rich with sugarcane
and Coffee plantations is located less the 90
miles south of Florida. For the past 50 years
Cuba has been led by American supported dictators
whove turned Cuba into a playground for visiting
Americans and rich corporations who control much
of Cubas economy while the Cubans themselves
live largely in wretched poverty. Recently a
rebel force led by Fidel Castro has overthrown
the American backed dictator Fulgencio Batista.
Castro has promised to nationalize the U.S.
controlled industries and to provide better
conditions and medical care for the Cuban people
by offering services paid for by the government.
The CIA feels that Castros policies are too
close to Communism and that if he remains in
power he will lead Cuba and its valuable produce
and strategic location away from the U.S. and
into the arms of the Soviet Union.
Click here if you think the American President
agreed with the CIA director
Click here if you think the American President
disagreed with the CIA director.
44
Wise decision Mr. President!
Castro will cause us nothing but trouble, so what
if he wants to meet with you. Castro will cost
American companies millions of dollars and he
might even go over to the Soviets. The CIA can
invade Cuba and overthrow Castro, just say the
word.
Click here to order the overthrow of Castro
Click here if youd like to try and work with
Castro by forcing the American public and
corporations to pay higher prices to help out the
Cuban people.
45
Bay of PigsDisaster
On the advice of the CIA, President Kennedy
launched a secret invasion of Cuba in 1961, using
an army made up of men exiled by Castro.
Castros forces easily defeated the U.S. planned
invasion and as a result, Cuba pledged its
loyalty to the Soviet Union.
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After the failed invasion, President Kennedy
broke off relations with Cuba and imposed a full
trade embargo with the island nation. Today the
people of Cuba have full access to education and
health care however their economy is in a
shambles because of the fifty plus year American
embargo against Cubas leader Fidel Castro.
Cuban leader Fidel Castro
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Well never know

• The President decided to listen to his
• advisors from the CIA so well never know
• what may have happened if America had
• followed this path.

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the nation where you left off.
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The End
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