Creating Order Out of Chaos

1
Creating Order Out of Chaos
The Diversity of Life
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
2
Phylogeny

• Phylogeny is the system by which we show how
  species are related through evolution. This is
  also how we search for evidence of new species
  evolving.
• Before Darwin, Naturalists believed that species
  were fixed created in their current form.
• Therefore, classification was logical but
  arbitrary.

3
Darwin and Phylogeny

• After Darwin, Biologists started making their
  classifications look like a family tree through
  which species were connected by nearest relatives
  and common ancestors.
• Taxonomists call these phylogenetic trees.

4
Cladistics

• Cladisticsgets its name because the branches on
  the family tree are called clades.
• Clades are taxa that are genetically related to
  each other and to a common ancestor.
• The district and the AIMS test use the terms
  clades and taxa interchangeably.

5
How Many Species are There

• Today biologists have identified approximately
• 740,000 insect species
• 290,000 plants
• 23,000 algae
• 30,000 protozoa
• 66,000 fungi
• 4,600 monera
• 280,000 other animals, and thousands more are
  added to this list every year.
• The overall estimates are between 20 and 35
  million!

6
Good Homologies

• The more constant a characteristic is the more
  valuable it is for classification.
• Write down 3 characteristics that would not be
  good homologies and share them with your neighbor
  to your right.
• How do you think computers have helped to better
  classify organisms. Share your answer with the
  person on your left.

7
The Problem of Taxonomy

• http//www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/CLAS/CLAS.Pre.
  html
• Come up with what you think is the best system
  for organizing these shapes.

8
KPCOFGS

• King Phillip Came
• Over For Good
• Spaghetti
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

9
Kingdom

• The Kingdom is the highest rank in the biological
  taxonomy of all organisms.
• Monera
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

10
Human Kingdom

• Humans are classified in the Kingdom Animalia.
• Members of the Kingdom Animalia are
• Heterotrophic
• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Our embryos have a blastula stage

11
Blastula

• The blastula is when the zygote divides from the
  single celled fusion of sperm and egg into the
  multicellular organism that develops into the
  embryo of an animal.

12
Phylum

• The phylum is the broadest category that tells us
  about the genetic relationship of members of a
  kingdom.
• Monera Prokaryotic bacteria
• Protista Multicellular algae (red, green,
  brown), slime molds
• Fungi Lichens, Mushrooms, Yeast
• Plantae Monocots, Dicots, Sporophytes,
  angiosperms, gymnosperms
• Animalia Porifera, Arthropods, Molluscs,
  Echinoderms, Chordates

13
Human Phylum

• Humans are members of the phylum chordata. This
  means that we are distantly related to all
  organisms with a backbone.

14
Chordata

• Chordata separates the animals with a notochord
  from the arthropoda the animals with an
  exo-skeleton which includes insects, arachnids
  and crustaceans.

15
Chordate Features

• All chordates share the following features
• Pharyngeal slits - a series of openings that
  connect the inside of the throat to the outside
  of the "neck". These develop into gills in fish
  and part of the inner ear in humans.
• Dorsal nerve cord - a bundle of nerve fibers
  which runs down the "back". It connects the brain
  with the lateral muscles and other organs.
• Notochord - cartilaginous rod running underneath,
  and supporting, the nerve cord.
• Post-anal tail - an extension of the body past
  the anal opening.

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Class

• Class tells us how closely related the different
  phylum are related.
• Humans are members of the class mammalia meaning
  that we have hair, nurse our young and we are
  endotherms (warm blooded).
• This separates us from the other classes of
  animals which include Aves, Reptilia and
  Amphibia.

17
Order

• Orders tell us how closely related different
  classes are genetically.
• Humans are members of the order Primates. This
  separates us from the carnivores lions and bears
• And the rodents rats, mice, squirrels, rabbits,
  prairie dogs, groundhogs etc.

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Primate Characteristics

• Forward-facing eyes for binocular vision giving
  us depth perception
• Rely strongly on vision over other senses
• Color vision
• Opposable thumbs
• Grasping fingers
• Flattened nails to protect fingertips

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Primate Characteristics

• Generalized teeth for omnivorous diet
• Expansion of the brainespecially the cerebral
  cortex
• Prolonged life
• Fewer offspring per litter
• Only one pair of mammary glands
• Complicated social organization

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Family

• Families tell us how closely related different
  orders are genetically.
• The human family separates the different
  primates
• Humans are part of the family hominidae which
  includes the great apes.
• This group includes gibbons, orangutans,
  gorillas, chimpanzees and humans

21
Genus

• The genus separates members of a family.
• Humans are members of the family Homo which means
  man.
• Modern humans are homo sapiens.
• All other members of the genus homo have gone
  extinct.

22
Species

• Species is the finest distinction.
• Members of a species are unique and cannot have
  viable young with other species.
• Homo habilis
• Homo ergaster
• Homo erectus
• Homo neanderthalensis
• Homo sapien
• Homo sapien sapien

23

• http//www.geocities.com/RainForest/6243/diversity
  .html
• http//waynesword.palomar.edu/trfeb98.htm
• http//susdl.fcla.edu/lfnh/currmat/Taxonomy.html
• http//www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/CLAS/CLAS.Dive
  rsity.html
• http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chordata/chordata.htm
  l
• http//nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Primates/Facts/P
  rimateness/default.cfm