Electronic Warfare Countermeasures

1
Electronic WarfareCounter-measures

• Naval Weapons Systems

2
EW Intro

• EW is a component of Command Control Warfare
  (C2W)
• C2W Military strategy which implements
  Information Warfare (IW).
• C2W includes integrated use of OPSEC, military
  deception, PSYOPS, EW, and physical destruction.
  (discussed more in C4I Lesson)

3
Increasing Importance of EW

• Increased reliance on radar
• OTH targeting
• Increased use of Communications
• Tactical Data Systems (TDS)
• Increased speed of missiles and weapons systems
• High-speed detection and tracking
• Active-homing or passive-homing long-range
  missiles give little warning

4
Three Components of EW

• Electronic Support (ES) ESM
• Electronic Attack (EA) ECM
• Electronic Protection (EP) ECCM

5
Electronic Support (ES)

• Surveillance of EM spectrum
• Immediate threat recognition
• Threat avoidance
• Homing and targeting.
• Passive EW
• Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) Info derived
  from foreign non-communications EM information,
  particularly radar.
• Communications Intelligence (COMINT) Info
  derived from foreign communications.
• Advantages/limitations of passive EW.

6
ES Subdivisions

• Threat Warning and Avoidance
• Direction Finding
• Target Homing and Tracking

7
ES Receiver Design Requirements

• Wide spectrum surveillance
• Wide dynamic range
• Unwanted signal rejection
• Angle-of-Arrival measurement
• Signal Analysis capability
• Display
• Recording System

8
Electronic Attack (EA)

• Use of EM or directed energy to attack personnel,
  facilities, or equipment.
• Active and Passive EW

9
Non-Destructive EA

• Confusion Mask or hide real targets by
  cluttering the radar display.
• Jamming
• Noise Jamming
• Spot Jamming
• Barrage Jamming
• Sweep Jamming
• Chaff
• Infrared flares (Torch)

10
Spot, Barrage, and Sweep Jamming
Sweep
Freq
Barrage
Spot
Ampl
Time
11
Spot and Barrage Jamming
Rcvr BW
Power
Spot Jamming
Barrage Jamming
Frequency
12
PW
Rcvd Signal Amp.
PRT
Ineffective Jamming
time
13
Non-Destructive EA (cont.)

• Deception Create a false image or changes the
  image on a radar display.
• Repeaters Create false echo by delaying rcvd
  radar signals retransmitting at later time.
• Transponders Create false signal by playing
  back a stored replica of the radar signal.
• Chaff
• Radar Decoys
• Blip Enhancers
• Radar Cross-Section (RCS) Modification

14
Example?????
Self Screening
Stand Off
Stand Forward
15
EA-6B Prowler!!!!!!!!!
16
Destructive EA

• Anti-Radiation Missiles
• SLAM
• HARM
• Sidewinder
• Directed Energy

17
SLAM ER

• Stand-off Land Attack Missile-Expanded Response

18
HARM

• High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile

19
HARM Results
Portable Radar Site In Serbia
20
AIM-9 Sidewinder
21
Electronic Protection (EP)

• The protection of friendly combat capability
  against undesirable effect of friendly or enemy
  employment EW.
• Passive and Active EW.

22
Electronic Protection (EP)

• Three primary ways to defend ourselves from enemy
  EW
• Modify our radar - make it more complex and
  harder to jam
• Modify the Medium - Chaff and Torch
• Modify the platform

23
EP Radar Design

• Power
• Frequency
• PRF
• PW
• Pulse Shape
• Antenna Design
• Scan Pattern

24
EP Factors

• Burnthrough Increase signal strength to
  overpower jammer noise (ECCM)
• Emission Control (EMCON)
• Alpha
• Bravo
• Charlie
• Delta
• Operator Training

25
U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities

• SLQ-32 Sidekick - on all combatants
• Radar warning, detection and jamming
• Uses an internal library to auto detect
  categorize
• Infrared Flares - GIANT
• on all combatants
• Chaff - on all combatants

26
U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities

• SSQ-108 Outboard - on some Spruance class,
  DDG, CG, LHA, LHD
• Any ship with SSES
• real-time, over-the-horizon passive detection,
  localization, and targeting
• SLQ-39 Chaff Buoy - on Arleigh Burke class
• Rubber Duck looks like a life boat container

27
U.S. Airborne EW Capabilities

• ALQ-142 - ES system on SH-60 Seahawk
• ALQ-99 - EW system on EA-6B Prowler
• Mimics radar signals
• ALQ-126 - EA jamming system on F-14 F/A 18
• ALQ-165 - EA jamming system on F/A-18
• ALR-47 - ES detection system on S-3 Viking
• ALR-73 - ES detection system on E-2 Hawkeye
• Chaff - on SH-60 Seahawk

28
Questions?