National Ambient Air Monitoring Networks

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National Ambient Air Monitoring Networks
Now and Later
PM model evaluation workshop
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Also troubling is the delineated use of
measurements and modeled predictions.
..Measurements are the current tool for strict
regulatory applications, and models are used as a
planning tool. The reality is that
measurements really are just estimates of
surrounding reality, and in one sense no
different from a predictive output from a model.
. Both these tools need to be more
effectively merged to support in unity a host of
regulatory and planning applications.
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Topics

• Current networksroutine
• Anticipated changes
• Overview of incommensurability and artifact
  issues
• Supersites

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National Level Routine NetworksS/L/Ts, EPA

• PM2.5 FRM, cont., spec (trends (daily), SIP,
  IMPROVE, SS) gt1000 sites
• PM10 gt1000 sites
• O3 gt 1000 sites
• NOx/NO (NO2) gt 400
• SO2 gt 400
• CO gt 400
• Pb gt 400
• O3 precursors, PAMS gt70 sites
• S, N deposition, CASTNET, gt 50 sites

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2000-2002 3-Year Average Annual Mean PM2.5
Data from AQS 7/9/03. Sites that operated
anytime 2000-2002 (n1239)
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Urban and Rural PM2.5 Speciation Networks
Active Sites as of 1/20/04 EPA data from AQS,
IMPROVE data from VIEWS
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Supersites IRD Study Domain
Southeastern Canada
New York
Pittsburgh
Baltimore
Fresno
St. Louis
Los Angeles
Atlanta
Houston
Phase I
Phase II
Both Phases
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PM2.5 Networks
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Dont believe it
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Areas with PAMS Networks

• PAMS areas
• Type 2 site
• Type 1, 3, 4 site

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Air Toxics Monitoring Network Pilot sites and
proposed trend sites
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Comments on Historical Routine Networks

• Adequate ground level spatial coverage
• Especially PM2.5 mass, ozone
• But,
• Aerosols (mass and species)
• too much reliance on integrated techniques
  providing no diurnal characterization
• Criteria gases
• Except for ozone and NO, many meaningless
  measurements
• Trace levels, source oriented/microscale siting
  (CO, SO2)

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Comments on Historical Routine Networks, cont.

• But,
• Other gases
• NOy.very limited
• True NO2..?
• VOCsmostly ozone season through PAMS
• Other precursors and indicators
• Nitric acid and ammonia.episodic/intensive
  programs only
• Peroxides, hydroxyl radical.intensive programs
  only
• Artifacts/problems.later
• Very limited multiple pollutant sites
• Act of convenience rather than design

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Changes expected from Implementing National
Monitoring Strategy
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National Core Network NCORE

• Goal Move from loosely tied single-pollutant
  networks to coordinated, highly leveraged
  multi-pollutant networks with real time reporting
  capability

NADP
PAMS
PM
PM
CO
IMPROVE CASTNET
PM
O3
SO2
Toxics
Instill order and communication
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Principal Data Objectives of NCore

• Id like to say
• Characterize air quality as efficiently as
  possible in time, space and composition (physical
  and chemical properties)
• Since any data use or objective relies on a
  fundamental characterization and benefits by
  enhancement.

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Principal Data Objectives of NCore

• Public Information
• Real-time Input of Data From Across the Country
  Using Continuous Technologies
• Spatial Mapping (E.G., AIRNOW), Health Advisories
• Health/Exposure Assessment Support
• Input for Periodic NAAQS Reviews
• Emissions Strategy Planning (Emphasis on
  Initial Timeframe)
• What are the best emission reduction approaches?
• Provide DATA for Routine Model Evaluation and
  Source Attribution
• Air Quality Trends and Program Accountability
• Do measured data confirm strategies are working?
• Major National Initiatives (Acid Rain, Clear
  Skies, NOx SIPS, FMVCP)
• Including HAPS (National) and Visibility
  Assessments
• Science Support
• Backbone for More Diagnostic Level Work (Same for
  Local Sips), Health Studies
• NAAQS Determinations and Related Regulatory
  Rqmts.
• Emphasis on More Pervasive Ozone and PM2.5

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NCore Measurements
Level 1. 3-10 Master Sites Comprehensive
Measurements, Advance Methods Serving Science and
Technology Transfer Needs
Level 2 75 Multi-pollutant (MP) Sites,Core
Species Plus Leveraging From PAMS, Speciation
Program, Air Toxics
L1
Level 3 Minimum Single Pollutant Sites (e.g.gt
500 sites each for O3 and PM2.5 and related
spatial Mapping Support
Minimum Core Level 2 Measurements Continuous
NO,NOy,SO2,CO, PM2.5, PM10/PMc,O3,Meteorology
(T,RH,WS,WD) Integrated PM2.5 FRM, HNO3, NH3,
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Siting Approach Level 2

• Balance between functional design (best
  locations) and logistical concerns (national
  equity, capable agencies)
• Step 1.Assume 50 major U.S. cities provide
  variety for health scientists.long term
  epidemiological studies
• Step 2.Identify important rural/regional gaps
  for model evaluation
• Step 3.Leverage existing infrastructure
  (Speciation/IMPROVE and CASTNET networks PAMS,
  air toxics NATTS)
• Step 4provide siting and implementation
  oversight
• ???

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Proposed Siting Approach Level 2 Health meets
atmospheric sciences
Suggested Rural Locations for Level 2 Sites
Transport, Corridor, Background and Inflow
Locations
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Urban Rural PM2.5 Speciation Networks
Current/Planned

Supplemental Information
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Today
Future Directions
Air Toxic Monitoring
Visibility IMPROVE Regional Haze
Ozone PAMS
Fine Particles PM2.5 Chemical Speciation
Inhalable Particles PM10
Acid Deposition CASTNet NADP
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NCore Further Integration Optimization

• NOAA/NASA Satellite Data
• Global/Continental transport
• Other Networks Deposition, Ecosystems
• Intensive/diagnostic Field Programs
• Longer Term Goal
• Integrated Observation-modeling Complex
• Similar to Meteorological Models (FDDA)
• Model Adjustments Through Obs.
• All in Near Real Time
• Full Delivery of Model Dimensions
• (Space, Time, Chemistry, Physical Properties)

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Recent efforts fostering NCORE implementation

• Air toxics NATTS (trend sites) at PM2.5
  speciation locations
• Addition of aethalometers to NATTS
• Joint OAQPS-OAP (within OAR) test program at
  CASTNET site(s)
• Additional flexibility in use of STAG (e.g.,
  PM2.5) funds to support more precursor and
  indicator measurements
• RPO initiatives.

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Issue

• ? Funding for Level 1 sites

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Introduction to measurementModeling
..incommensurabilities and other issues

• Spatial representation
• Volumetric (model) versus point representation
  (measurement)
• Breathing level measurements.most of mass often
  elevated
• Measurement Artifacts
• Model attempts to characterize reality relative
  to true ambient properties, and natural removal
  processes (e.g., deposition to land/water/foliage)
  
• Measurements techniques alter ambient properties
  (heating, dehumidification), and removal
  processes (changing concentration gradients)
  within sampler universe