Circumstances

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Circumstances
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Systems of Choice
Mode Medium influences the
message (mode)
Subject Matter determines the
representation (field)
Roles Relationships affects the exchange
(tenor)
through
through
through
Participants (people, places, things
and ideas)
Mood (statements, questions and
commands)
Theme (prominent part of the message)
Processes (doing, thinking, saying
and being)
Modality (degree of probability
or obligation)
Cohesion (the links
between messages)
Circumstances (how, when, where
and why ?)
Clauses in the Text
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The Clause
The basic unit of meaning is the clause which
provides information about What is
happening Who is taking part Surrounding
circumstances (eg where, when and how)
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Building up a Clause
Participant
John and Gladys
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Building up a Clause
Participant process
John and Gladys are standing
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Building up a Clause
Participant process circumstance
John and Gladys are standing under the umbrella.
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Clauses
A clause is a group of words that must contain a
finite verb or verb group. a finite verb is a
completely formed verb. Clauses can be
classified as independent or dependent.
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Independent Clauses
An independent clause has a self contained
message and can stand on its own.
Mary and John went to the city. They caught the
tram. They were able to go to the movies.
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Dependent Clauses
A dependent clause cannot stand on its own and
must be linked to an independent clause.
Mary and John went to the city and had a great
time. They caught the tram just before dark. They
were able to go to the movies with a free pass.
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Circumstances refer to how, how far, how long,
how often, when, where, with whom and as what
in a clause.
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Circumstances are reported by
Prepositional Phrases
Adverbial Groups
Noun Groups
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Circumstances can be expressed as
A single word (tomorrow, there)
The parking attendant is there.
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Circumstances can be expressed as
A small group of words (from Brisbane, very
skillfully)
The parking attendant takes his job very
seriously.
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Circumstances can be expressed as
A larger group of words (because of the rain)
The parking attendant issues tickets because
people park too long in one place.
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To test for a circumstance ...
It can be left out and the sentence still makes
sense
Mabel sells flowers at the markets.
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To test for a circumstance ...
It can be moved
At the markets, Mabel sells flowers.
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To test for a circumstance ...
It does not contain a process
Mabel sells flowers at the markets.
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Circumstances give information about how, when,
where or why a process takes place and can be
reported by prepositional phrases
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Where ? Dave works in his office.
When ? Dave arrived for work after Jan.
With what ? Dave works with a computer.
Why ? Dave couldnt work because of the storm.
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As what ? Dave works as an accountant.
How long ? Dave has worked for many years.
How far ? Dave travels to work for three
kilometres.
About what ? Dave spoke to Gloria about her work.
With whom ? Dave works with his secretary Gloria.
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Prepositions are parts of speech that indicate
relationships between words. Usually this
relationship is expressed in terms of time and
space
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A phrase is a small group of words that makes
some sense but does not contain a finite verb.
Many phrases begin with a preposition.
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There was a stone in my boot.
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in my boot is a prepositional phrase beginning
with the preposition in it is also an adverbial
phrase because it does the work of an adverb and
tells where the stone was.
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That dog with the black tail belongs to Mikarla.
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with the black tail is a prepositional phrase
beginning with the preposition with it is also
an adjectival phrase because it does the work of
an adjective and describes the dog.
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Prepositions of Place
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Cactus Jack fell from the wild stallion
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Prepositions of Time
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Craig left the field after the
bowlers appeal.
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Circumstances give information about how, when,
where how often and to what degree a process
takes place and can be reported by adverbial
groups
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Adverbs are modifiers that say something extra
about a verb, adjective or another adverb. When
one or more adverb is used to describe a process
it is called an adverbial group.
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How often ? Stella rarely pins the fabric.
Degree ? Stella almost had the dress ready.
When ? Stella arrived for work very early.
How ? Stella cuts the fabric very carefully.
Where ? Stella was working there.
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Degrees of Comparison
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Circumstances give information about where and
when a process takes place and can be reported by
noun groups
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Parts of a Noun Group
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Where ? Elvis practices the piano downstairs.
When ? Elvis has a concert next week.
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How long ? Elvis practices the piano all day long.
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Putting Circumstances in context
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Across the water Over the bridge Through the
tunnel At midnight Before breakfast With my
pushbike Carefully Because of the mud For a long
time With my little brother About the flat
tyre As a pilot Quickly Last night
Circumstances
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Spoken Directions for a Journey To get to school
from my house you need to turn left at the front
gate and walk two blocks. At West Street you turn
right and walk one block to Gibbs Street.
Carefully cross Gibbs Street at the traffic
lights and walk in the school gates.
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Spoken Directions for a Journey To get to school
from my house you need to turn left at the front
gate and walk two blocks. At West Street you turn
right and walk one block to Gibbs Street.
Carefully cross Gibbs Street at the traffic
lights and walk in the school gates.
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Transport Poem I went walking. Where did you go
? Through a dark, dark forest, Along a running
river, Up a steep mountain, Down to the shiny
sea I went exploring When did you go ? On a
hot, hot summer day. In the early morning. Before
sunrise
I went exploring With whom did you go ? With my
grandpapa. With my grandmamma. I went
exploring. How did you go ? On an elephant of
course !
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Transport Poem I went walking. Where did you go
? Through a dark, dark forest, Along a running
river, Up a steep mountain, Down to the shiny
sea I went exploring When did you go ? On a
hot, hot summer day. In the early morning. Before
sunrise
I went exploring With whom did you go ? With my
grandpapa. With my grandmamma. I went
exploring. How did you go ? On an elephant of
course !
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During the school holidays, my mother took me to
stay with my Grandparents at Manly for one week.
To get there, we travelled by train to Circular
Quay and then by ferry to Manly. While I was
staying with Nana and Pa, I walked to the beach
every day. The weather was fabulous for swimming
and I caught some great waves on my boogie
board. One day we drove to Taronga Zoo and
another day we caught a bus to the movies to see
the Movie Stuart Little. Next school holidays,
Nana has promised to take me to Ocean World. I
can hardly wait !
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During the school holidays, my mother took me to
stay with my Grandparents at Manly for one week.
To get there, we travelled by train to Circular
Quay and then by ferry to Manly. While I was
staying with Nana and Pa, I walked to the beach
every day. The weather was fabulous for swimming
and I caught some great waves on my boogie
board. One day we drove to Taronga Zoo and
another day we caught a bus to the movies to see
the Movie Stuart Little. Next school holidays,
Nana has promised to take me to Ocean World. I
can hardly wait !
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Your Task !
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Analyse a picture in terms of the four types of
processes. Encourage your students to write
sentences using each of the different processes.
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Analyse a picture in terms of Who
(participants) What (processes) When, Where, How
and Why (circumstances) Write sentences
including all three elements
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Analyse a text in terms of Who
(participants) What (processes) When, Where, How
and Why (circumstances)