Review of impacts of IUU fishing on Developing Countries

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Review of impacts of IUU fishing on Developing
Countries
Prepared by
for
with support from
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Project objectives

• Two components
• Impact analysis of IUU on developing countries
  economic, social, environmental, ecological,
  biological, health and nutritional
• Empirical assessment of issues related to
  ecosystem and management

Toothfish poacher in the Southern Ocean photo
courtesy of Australian Customs
Shrimp poacher near Sierra Leone/Liberia
border Photo courtesy Kieran Kelleher
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Examples of IUU Fishing
National waters
200 miles
Unlicensed
Area of Regional Organisation
Closed area
Operating in closed area
Non-complying vessel from party flag state
Shelf edge
Licensed but mis-reporting
Vessel from non-party flag state
Unlicensed border hopping
Unregulated fishing
Unlicensed
Figure 2 in main report
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The estimation problem
Two Main Approaches

• Top down
• based on total world catch
• Big assumptions
• Bottom up
• Looking at individual cases and issues
• Time consuming
• Patchy information easy to under-estimate
• Insufficient studies to adopt a rigorous
  scientific analytical approach to estimating the
  magnitude of IUU catch with confidence intervals

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Methodology Estimation

• Case studies
• Used to get more information from EEZs
• Type scale of problem
• Measurement of vulnerability
• Causes of vulnerability modelling relationships
• Impact (fishery, economy, ecosystem)
• Lessons learned and possible solutions

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Impacts of IUU Fishing Economic Losses
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Correlates of IUU
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Expectation for response
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Governance IUU catch
IUU as of declared catch
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Lessons Learned Mixed fisheries

• West coast southern east coast states
• Mixed inshore fisheries (shrimp, demersals)
• Primarily border hopping DWFN
• Zone violations and conflict with artisanal
  fishermen
• Demersal discard turtle
• East coast Island states
• Offshore tuna
• DWFN
• Shark/turtle/bird by-catch problems

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Estimates of total worldwide IUU Catch Value

• Bottom up extrapolation
• Extrapolation of case studies to Sub-saharan
  Africa using governance relationship 0.9bn
• Extrapolation of Africa results to South/Central
  America and Southeast Asia 3 x 0.9bn 2.7bn
• Big Issue high seas (tuna, roughy, redfish,
  toothfish, squid ) 1.2bn
• EEZ special cases (abalone, sturgeon, cod )
  0.255bn
• TOTAL 4.2bn
• Top down comparison
• Sub-saharan Africa IUU is an additional 19 of
  declared landed value
• apply 19 to total world catch 9.5bn
• Relative to illegal logging
• 10 of global trade 15bn

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Impact of IUU on the ecosystem
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Impacts of IUU Fishing

• EEZs majority of IUU easy to solve with money
  and MCS
• High Seas smaller amounts of IUU very difficult
  to solve international
• Economic
• loss of revenue, loss of multiplier effects
• Loss of potential export
• Resource
• damage to stocks overfishing
• compromised management and assessment
• Social
• conflict with domestic / artisanal fishers
• food security/livelihoods jeopardised
• undermine rule of law
• Ecological
• damage to sensitive ecosystems
• birds, turtles, sharks, mammals killed

Photographs courtesy of John Hooper Jon
Klepsvik