Biological Classification

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Biological Classification
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Systematics Taxonomy

• Systematics- the science of phylogeny (or
  evolutionary history)
• Used in the science of taxonomy which is the
  naming and grouping of organisms

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Biological Classification

• Organisms are grouped according to similar
  characteristics and evolutionary relationships to
  one another
• All known organisms are sorted into 8 taxa
  (plural)taxon A category of organisms

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Levels of Classification

• Domain- Taxon of similar kingdoms
• Kingdom-Taxon of similar phylums
• Phylum- Taxon of similar classes
• Class- Taxon of similar orders

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Levels (cont.)

• Order- Taxon of similar families
• Family- Taxon of similar genera
• Genus- Taxon of similar species
• Species (smallest, most specific)

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Levels, cont.

• Dull Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand

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Levels (cont.)

• Did King Phillip Come Over For Grape Soda?

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Domains

• Based on molecular biology
• What are they?
• Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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5 vs. 6 Kingdoms

• Developed in 1969 before then, there were only
  2 kingdoms Plantae Animalia

5 Kingdoms
6 Kingdoms
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Monera
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
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History of Taxonomy

• Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.)

Trees
Herbs
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Classification

• Problems with Aristotles
• Frog- Half of life is in water (tadpole), half is
  on land
• Didnt know about bacteria or one celled
  organisms (no microscopes)

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Classification

• Carolus Linnaeus
• Swedish physician and botanist
• Lived in 1700s
• Classified according to shared characteristics

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Naming Names

• Binomial nomenclature a two-part naming system
  developed by Linnaeus
• Organisms are given two names Genus
  (capitalized) and species (lowercase)

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Naming Names

• The scientific name is always underlined or
  written in italics
• Scientific names are always the same
• Allows the scientific names to be used
  universally

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FYI Naming Names

• Common names are too confusing (puma, cougar,
  mountain lion) because they can be based on
  regions or languages

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After Linnaeus

• Apis mellifera

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Enhydra lutris
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Arctos horribilis
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Tools of Classification
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A cladogram is a branching diagram that shows
evolutionary relationships
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Dichotomous Keys

• Aid in identifying unknown organisms
• Pairs of statements with two choices of
  characteristics
• Only one choice will apply to the unknown
  organism
• This will lead to another pair of
  characteristics.. And so on

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Until the organism is identified
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Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Eubacteria
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Archae- bacteria
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Archaebacteria

• Cell type Prokaryote
• Number of cells Unicellular
• Nutrition Autotroph
• Habitat Extreme (usually oxygen free)
• Other info genetic makeup is similar to
  eukaryotes

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Eubacteria

• Cell type Prokaryote
• Number of cells Unicellular
• Nutrition Autotroph Heterotroph
• Habitat Most environments
• Other info these contain helpful and harmful
  bacteria

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Protista

• Cell type Eukaryote
• Number of cells Unicellular Multicellular
• Nutrition Autotroph Heterotroph
• Habitat Moist environments
• Other info can be animal-like, plant-like, and
  fungi-like

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Fungi

• Cell type Eukaryote
• Number of cells Unicellular Multicellular
• Nutrition Heterotroph
• Habitat Moist environments
• Other info they absorb nutrients from their
  environments

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Plantae

• Cell type Eukaryote
• Number of cells Multicellular
• Nutrition Autotroph
• Habitat Most environments
• Other info they dont fossilize as often as
  organisms with harder structures (bones, etc.)

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Animalia

• Cell type Eukaryote
• Number of cells Multicellular
• Nutrition Heterotrophs
• Habitat All environments
• Other info have certain organ systems that
  plants do not have like the muscular, skeletal,
  and nervous system