Framing

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Framing
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Framing lumber dimensions

• The actual size of a 2x4 piece of lumber is 1
  ½x3 ½.
• 2x6 -- 1 ½x5 ½
• 2x8 -- 1 ½x7 ¼
• 2x10 -- 1 ½x9 ¼
• 2x12 -- 1 ½x11 ¼

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Nail Sizes
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Termite Shields

• Metal termite shields are required in many parts
  of the United States.

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Termite Map
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Balloon Framing

• In balloon framing, now seldom used, the studs
  are continuous from the sill to the rafter plate.
  Ends of the second floor joists are supported on
  a ribbon. They are spiked to the stud as well.

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Platform Framing

• Most modern residential and light construction
  uses platform framing. The first floor is built
  on top of the foundation wall as though it was a
  platform. It provides a work area for assembling
  and raising wall sections safely and accurately.
  Wall sections are one story high. Outside walls
  and interior partitions support platforms for
  upper stories. 

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Engineered Lumber
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Girders and Beams

• Girders, also called beams, resting on the
  foundation walls and on posts or columns, provide
  the needed support for the floor joists.

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Steel Beams

• In many localities, steel beams are used instead
  of wood girders.
• Sizes depend on the load.
• The load is calculated in the same way as for
  wood girders.

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Joists

• Floor joints are framing members that carry the
  weight of the floor between the sills and
  girders.
• The most common spacing of wooden joists is 16
  O.C. (on center).

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Double Floor Joists

• Joists must be doubled around openings in the
  floor frame for stairways, chimneys, and
  fireplaces.
• The two joists running parallel with the regular
  joists are called double trimmers.
• The two joists running perpendicular to the
  regular joists are called double headers.

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Floor Joist System

• Floor joists must also be doubled when supporting
  an interior wall running parallel to the joists.
  Two methods are shown below.

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Joist Hangers

• Metal joist hangers are used for support when
  joists are not supported by a wall or beam below.

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Laying out Floor Joists

• Floor joists are placed 16 on center.

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Floor Joist Layout
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Floor Joist Layout
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Floor Joist Layout
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Butting Floor Joist

• When butting floor joists over the beam, 2
  lumber of the same width and at least 24 long
  must be nailed to the joists.

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Bridging

• Bridging is composed of pieces of lumber set
  diagonally between the joists to form an X.
• Solid bridging is also called blocking.

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Bridging

• Place the bridging at the halfway point of the
  joist span.
• Use a chalk line for even placement.

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Solid-web Floor Trusses

• A manufactured type of solid-web floor trusses
  generally called wood I-beams and are used in
  place of traditional framing lumber.
• The main advantage of using floor trusses is
  greater span distance and they also are more
  stable which reduces squeaky floors.

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Subfloors

• The laying of the subfloor is the final step in
  completing the floor frame.

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Sub floor

• In most modern construction, ¾ tongue and groove
  plywood or oriented strand board is used for
  subflooring.
• Other sheet materials such as composite board,
  waferboard (also called waferwood), oriented
  strand board, and structural particleboard are
  also approved for use as subflooring.

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Subfloor

• In a glued floor system, the subfloor panels are
  glued and nailed to the joists.

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Studs

• Most common spacing for studs is 16.
• Trimmer studs are shortened studs that stiffen
  sides of rough openings that bear the direct
  weight of the header
• Cripple studs are shortened studs placed below
  the rough sill or above a header.
• Pre-cut (regular) studs on an 8 tall wall are 92
  5/8 long.

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Headers

• Headers carry the weight of the building across
  door and window openings.
• Header length is equal to the rough opening plus
  the width of two trimmers.

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Two Ways to Build Headers
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Partition Wall Headers

• Smaller 2x4 headers are used with short cripple
  studs placed above on non-load bearing partition
  walls.

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Framing Height of Window

• The rough opening height is measured from the
  bottom of the header to the top of the rough sill.

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Rough Window Sill

• The rough window sill is nailed to the trimmer
  studs of the window assembly with short cripple
  studs as support.
• The internal cripple studs are nailed in place on
  the 16 center marks of the wall section.

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L-corner Framing Method

• One method of framing a corner is to build an L
  channel on the wall that goes all the way to the
  outside of the floor.
• This method makes wiring and insulation easier to
  install.

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Partition Supports
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Double Top Plates
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Plywood Corner Bracing

• The most widely used method of bracing the
  outside walls is to use 4x8 sheets of plywood
  or OSB.

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Metal-Strip Bracing

• Another method of bracing exterior walls to
  resist lateral (sideway) loads is metal-strip
  bracing.

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Wall Sheathing

• Wall sections should be covered with sheathing
  before roof framing is started.
• Sheathing adds rigidity, strength, and some
  insulating qualities to the wall

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House Wrap

• House wrap comes in 9 wide rolls and is designed
  to cover cracks at wall joints where air might
  enter or leave a building.

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Framing with Steel

• Steel-framed residential construction is
  increasing in popularity.
• Metal studs can be used with either metal plates
  or wood plates.