Kingdom Protista

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Kingdom Protista
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Kingdom Protista

• All members of this Kingdom, are unicellular or
  very simple multicellular organisms.
• Members of this kingdom have been around for
  about 1.5 billion years.

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Categories of Kingdom Protista

• There are two major categories the protozoa
  (animal-like) and the protophyta (plant-like)

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General Characteristics of the Protozoa

• 1. One -celled
• 2. Eukaryotic
• 3. Shape determined by the cell membrane or a
  thicker, elastic membrane called the pellicle.
• 4. Reproduce asexually and sexually.
• 5. Aquatic

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General Characteristics of the Protozoa continued

• 6. Heterotrophic
• 7. Many are motile-use cilia, flagella or
  pseudopodia.
• 8. Important role in food chain and in the decay
  process.
• 9. Dormant protozoa are called cysts.
• 10. Two famous protozoa are the paramecium and
  the amoeba.

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General Characteristics of the Protophyta

• 1. One -celled, filaments and colonies.
• 2. Eukaryotic
• 3. Shape determined by cell wall.
• 4. Reproduce asexually and sexually.
• 5. Aquatic
• 6. Phototrophic
• 7. Motile by cilia or drift in water.

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General Characteristics of the Protophyta
continued.

• 8. Known for their role in the food chain and for
  their contribution to the Earths oxygen supply.
• 9. Dormant cells are called spores.
• 10. Two of the most famous protozoa are the
  Euglena and diatoms.

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The Ameba

• The common amoeba, Amoeba proteus, belongs to the
  phylum known as Sarcodina.
• It lives in fresh water.
• It is an independent cell, with a nucleus and
  cytoplasm.
• It has no permanent organelles.

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The Ameba continued

• Although the amoeba has a simple structure, it
  can move, reproduce,capture and ingest food,
  digest food, egest wastes, respire and respond to
  stimuli.

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The Amoeba-Movement

• Movement known as amoeboid movement.
• Uses pseudopods, formed by the plasmasol and
  plasmagel that comprise the cytoplasm of the
  amoeba.

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Foraminiferans

• This is another group of sarcodinians.
• Abundant in the oceans.
• They too move by way of pseudopods.
• They are surrounded by shells made up of calcium.
• Eventually the remains of the shells may form
  chalk deposits.

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The Paramecium

• One of the most complex protozoa.
• Unicellular
• Prefers stagnant water.
• Has a definite shape(unlike the amoeba).
• Certain parts of the cytoplasm do certain things.

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Paramecium-Basic Anatomy
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Cilia

• Paramecia move by way of cilia and hence are
  members of phylum Ciliophora
• Note the hair-like cilia on this ciliate.

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Water Control in the Paramecium
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Formation and Processing of Food Vacuoles

• Food is swept be cilia into the cell mouth.
• Food passes into the gullet and a food vacuole
  forms at its base.
• Enzymes from the cytoplasm enter the vacuole to
  digest food.
• Wastes from the vacuole are expelled through the
  anal pore.

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Locomotion

• Ciliates travel along a spiral path, with the
  cell rotating around its long axis.
• A sine wave pattern forms.

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The Protophyta

• There are about eleven thousand species of algal
  protists.
• They are spread over three phylaEuglenophyta,
  Chrysophyta, and Pyrrophyta.

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Phylum Euglenophyta

• Most are unicellular, but a few are colonial.
• Animal and plant-like characteristics.
• Use photosynthesis to produce paramylum.
• In absence of light they are heterotrophic.
• Use flagella for locomotion.

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Phylum Euglenophyta cont.

• A contractile vacuole is present that serves to
  remove excess water.
• The presence of a light sensitive eyespot or
  stigma, allows the Euglena to locate

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Euglena Anatomy
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Phylum Pyrrophyta - The Dinoflagellates

• Unicellular algae.
• Photosynthetic and heterotrophic.
• Tough outer shell.
• All have two flagella.
• Reproduction is asexual.
• Food stored as oil or starch.

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Red Tide

• From time to time,there are algal blooms and the
  so-called red tides form.
• Toxins from the dinoflagellates are released.
• Fish die from the toxin and paralytic shellfish
  poisoning(PSP) may occur.

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Phylum Sporozoa

• Members of this phylum are non-motile protozoa.
• An excellent example of a sporozoan is Plasmodium
  vivax , the causative agent of malaria.
• There are two stages involved in the life cycle
  of Plasmodium vivax Asexual (in the human) and
  Sexual (in the mosquito).

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Phylum Sporozoa cont.

• When an infected mosquito bites a human, spores
  enter the bloodstream and produce gametes in the
  red blood cells.
• When an infected human is bitten by a mosquito,
  gametes unite in the gut of the mosquito to form
  a zygote.
• In the mosquito, the zygote matures into more
  spores which are passed on to the next human
  victim.

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Malaria
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Malaria continued
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Interesting Facts About Malaria

• In the days of British colonization of India,
  soldiers contracted malaria.
• The treatment was to give the soldiers quinine
  mixed with water (tonic water), mixed with gin
  (to kill the taste).
• This gave rise to a popular drink amongst the
  soldiers known as Gin and Tonic.

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More Interesting Facts About Malaria

• War veterans who caught malaria overseas, have
  had recurring episodes of this disease.
• In fact, this has been observed in patients in
  nursing homes right here in Kings County.

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The Trypanosome

• Member of Phylum Mastigophora.
• It is a zooflagellate.
• Causative agent of African Sleeping Sickness.
• Transmitted from infected wild animals by the
  tsetse fly to humans

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Trypanosome continued

• Victim develops a fever and becomes weak and
  anemic.
• This is due to the effect of the toxic
  metabolites produced by this organism.

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Trypanosome continued

• Finally the parasites invade the fluid
  surrounding the brain and spinal cord, the person
  loses consciousness and dies.
• Drugs are effective in the early stages of this
  disease.