Environment

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Environment
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Of Polar Bears, Subsistence Farmers, Florida
Residents, and Scientists

• http//query.nytimes.com/search/query?srchtssrch
  stmvendorqueryglobalwarmingsubmit.x107sub
  mit.y10

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Environment Global Issues

• Climate change
• Ozone depletion
• Acid rain and persistent organic pollutants
• Some mercury in your tuna?
• Tropical deforestation
• Loosing biodiversity fast?
• Fisheries depletion/collapse
• No cod fish today?
• Trade in pesticides
• Raspberries sprinkled with DDT?
• Trade in hazardous waste
• Whose soil are your computer chips contaminating?
• Trade in genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
• Like those pig genes in your tomatoes?
• Etc., etc., etc.

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History of Environmental Cooperation

• Domestic environmental movements 1960s, 1970s
• Global meetings on the environment
• Stockholm, 1972 -gt UNEP
• Rio, 1992 -gt Agenda 21
• Johannesburg, 2002 -gtPlan of Imlementation
• International environmental treaties/law
• Over 160 Multilateral Environmental Treaties

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The Tragedy of the Commons

• Garrett Hardin (1968).
• Pasture common resource
• Each farmer increases the size of his herd
• Commons degraded and cannot sustain livestock
• Individual rational behavior, results in
  collective ruin to all

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• Each man is locked into a system that compels
  him to increase his herd without limit in a world
  that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward
  which all men rush(Hardin 1968, p. 41)

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Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

• Ozone layer shields Earth from UV rays
• Chemicals such as CFCs and halons release
  chlorine (CI) in the upper atmosphere
• Chlorine reacts with ozone molecules
• -gt less ozone
• Health effects and effects on materials

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Ozone Hole 2002
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The Ozone Layer Regime

• Vienna Convention (1985)
• Montreal Protocol (1987)
• limits 50 reduction of CFCs, freeze on halons
• Montreal Protocol amendments
• CFCs and halons eliminated
• Over 90 substances regulated
• Bringing developing countries in
• Trade restrictions, 10 years grace period for
  compliance, assistance

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Explaining Ozone Cooperation

• Hegemonic interests
• The role of institutions
• The role of domestic politics
• The role of scientists, negotiators

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The Climate Problem

• Natural greenhouse effect, augmented by human
  activity
• Anthropogenic emissions of CO2, NOx, methane and
  other green house gases (GHGs).
• GHGs accumulate, trap heat beyond natural bounds
• Global Warming AKA Climate Change
• Effects
• Temp increase 1.4-5.8C by 2100?
• Sea level rise of 0.09-0.88m by 2100?

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Increase in CO2 Concentrations
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Effect on Global Mean Temperature
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Climate Change Impacts
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Melting Glaciers

• Boulder Glacier, Glacier National Park, Montana,
  July 1932

• Boulder Glacier, Glacier National Park, Montana,
  July 1988

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Climate Cooperation

• UN Convention on Climate Change 1992
• Adopted at the 1992 Rio Conference
• Kyoto Protocol to the Climate Change Convention
  1997
• Emission reduction targets for industrialized
  countries
• Trading of emissions to reduce cost
• Entered into force in 2005 after Russias
  ratification
• US does not participate
• Developing countries no obligations to reduce
  emissions

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Top Six Contributors to Global Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
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• The Future of Climate Cooperation?