EFL Grammar

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EFL Grammar

• Participles

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Introduction

• There are two participles
• Present Participle -ing
• Past Participle -ed
• Both are used as adjectives
• For example
• The interesting movie was two hours long
• The interested student goes to the lab

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Summary

• Topic One When should we use present participle
  and when should we use past participle?
• Topic Two There are three possible positions in
  the sentence for participles
• When should we place the participle before the
  noun?
• When should we place the participle after the
  noun?
• When should we place the participle in an
  introductory phrase?

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Overview

• The name present participle does not mean that
  the -ing form is used here to show time at
  all.
• The name past participle does not mean that the
  -ed form is used to show time at all.

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Present, Past Participles

• The interesting movie was at the theater last
  week
• The interesting movie is at the theater this week
• The interesting movie will be at the theater next
  week
• The interested students go to the lab every week
• The interested students went to the lab last week

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Vocabulary

• Present Participle here only means
• the -ing form used as an adjective
• Past Participle here only means
• the -ed form used as an adjective

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Topic One

• When should we use present participle and when
  should we use past participle?
• The toy fascinates the child
• The child fascinates the toy
• Which sentence is correct?
• What is the subject in the correct sentence?
• What is the object in the correct sentence?

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Topic One

• The toy fascinates the child
• Subject toy
• Object child
• To use the participles of the verb (fascinates)
  with the word toy (subject) use Present
  Participle
• The fascinating toy was expensive
• I love that fascinating toy
• He sells fascinating toys

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Topic One

• The toy fascinates the child
• Subject toy
• Object child
• To use the participles of the verb (fascinates)
  with the word child (object) use Past
  Participle
• The fascinated child played for hours
• I watched the fascinated child in the room

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Topic One

• Another way to think about it
• What is correct
• The painting is stealing (progressive tense)
• The painting is stolen (passive voice)
• The correct sentence contains the correct
  participle

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Topic One

• The painting is stolen
• Therefore
• the stolen painting is the right participle

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Topic One

• The interest____ movie seems very short
• Analyze this way what is correct
• The movie interests me (.-ing movie)
• I interest the movie (..-ed movie)
• I sold a break____ computer yesterday
• Analyze this way what is correct
• The computer breaks me (.-ing computer)
• I break the computer (..-ed computer)

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Topic One

• The interesting movie seems very short
• Analyze this way what is correct
• The movie interests me (.-ing movie)
• I interest the movie (..-ed movie)
• I sold a broken computer yesterday
• Analyze this way what is correct
• The computer breaks me (.-ing computer)
• I break the computer (..-ed computer)

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Topic One

• The interesting movie seems very short
• Or analyze this way what is correct
• The movie is interesting (progressive)
• The movie is interested (passive)
• Or analyze this way what is correct
• The computer is breaking (progressive)
• The computer is broken (passive)

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Quiz

• The steal___ painting was found in New York
• I want to buy an interest___ book
• The guitar play___ rock singer looks wild
• The register____ letter never arrived
• The fly__ birds are on their way to Mexico
• The write____ words are true

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Answers to Quiz

• The stolen painting was found in New York
• I want to buy an interesting book
• The guitar playing rock singer looks wild
• The registered letter never arrived
• The flying birds are on their way to Mexico
• The written words are true

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Topic two

• When should we place the participle in front of
  the noun (as in all the previous sentences)
• When the participle is alone
• The singing bird sounds beautiful
• But not The singing in the tree bird sounds
  beautiful
• The broken window must be replaced
• But not The broken into pieces window must be
  replaced

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Topic Two

• If the participle is modified (usually by adverbs
  or preposition phrases), we have two possible
  locations
• After the noun
• In an introductory phrase

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Topic Two

• After the noun
• The bird singing in the tree sounds beautiful
• The window broken into many pieces must be
  replaced
• Here the participle refers to the noun before it
  
• The bird is singing
• The window is broken

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Topic Two

• In an introductory phrase
• Singing in the tree, the bird sounds beautiful
• Broken into pieces, the window must be replaced
• Here the participle refers to the subject
• The bird is singing in the tree
• The window is broken into pieces

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Summary

• All these sentences are correct
• The forgotten umbrella is still on the floor
• The umbrella forgotten in the classroom is still
  on the floor
• Forgotten in the classroom, the umbrella is still
  on the floor

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Summary

• All these sentences are correct
• The rising sun wakes up the campers
• The sun rising in the east wakes up the campers
• Rising in the east, the sun wakes up the campers

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Topic One and Two

• First decide the correct form
• forget umbrella
• The umbrella forgets me
• I forget the umbrella
• the forgotten umbrella...

• Then decide where to place it
• the forgotten umbrella...
• .the umbrella forgotten in this room last week.
• Forgotten in this room last week, the umbrella..

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Quiz

• steal paintings
• What is correct the stealing paintings or the
  stolen paintings

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Answer to Quiz

• The stolen paintings
• because it is correct to say
• I stole the paintings (object)
• The paintings were stolen (passive)
• Not The paintings stole me (subject)
• Not The paintings were stealing (progressive)

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Quiz

• Now, let us add a modifier to the participle
  stolen
• Put stolen from the museum into this sentence
• The paintings were found in an old garage.

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Answer to Quiz

• The paintings stolen from the museum were found
  in an old garage
• Stolen from the museum, the paintings were found
  in a old garage
• Not The stolen from the museum paintings were
  found in an old garage

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Present Participlevs.Gerund

• Gerund Singing is fun
• Participle Singing in the trees, the birds have
  fun
• Difference Gerund is the subject, Participle is
  an adjective and the subject is birds

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Quiz

• Living in Charlotte is very easy
• Is Living a Gerund or a Participle?
• Living in Charlotte, Tina has an easy life
• Is Living a Gerund or a Participle?

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Answer to Quiz

• Living in Charlotte is very easy
• Is Living a Gerund or a Participle?
• Gerund it is the subject
• Living in Charlotte, Tina has an easy life
• Is Living a Gerund or a Participle?
• Participle Tina is the subject