Raptor Biology

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Raptor Biology

• Anatomy and physiology

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Introduction to Cell

• Parts of Cell
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Mitochrondia
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Ribosomes

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Skeleto-muscular System
Mechanical part of the bird
Bone-living tissue, needle like crystals of an
inorganic mineral in an organic matrix of fibrous
protein
Mature bone usually has an exterior of compact,
dense, ivory-like bone and an interior of spongy
bone.
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Spongy bone usually contains a cavity filled with
marrow, fat or outgrowths of the air sacs.
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Skeleton divided into

• Post-cranial axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton

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Muscle

• Vertebrate muscle consist of three types
• Cardiac muscle-found only in the heart
• Smooth muscle-found in the gut, blood vessels,
  and glands and at the bases of feathers.
• Straited or skeleton-associated with the skeleton
  is under voluntary control.

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Smooth Muscle
Straited Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
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• Ligaments-join bones to other bones
• Tendons-join muscles and bones
• Both are made of collagen fibers

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Cartilage
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Special avian features

• Birds is more compact
• Neck may be quite long
• Light horny beak
• Muscles are concentrated around the breast, legs,
  and wings
• Skeleton must be hollow less massive
• Individual bones have become fused

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• Skeleton 5 of its weight
• Aerodynamic streamlining

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 Digestive System

• The high metabolic rate of birds demands an
  alimentary tract, which is geared to the
  digestion of food as rapidly and as efficiently
  as possible.

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• Towards this goal a number of important
  adaptations have evolved, the most striking of
  these being the conversion of part of the stomach
  in many species into a chamber where food is
  ground down to a fine consistency to permit swift
  penetration by the gastric juice, and the
  development of storage facilities in the upper
  alimentary tract which allow rapid ingestion and
  holding of food in bulk despite the absence of
  teeth and the limitations of flight

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• Further down in the lower alimentary tract most
  of the enzyme digestion of food takes place and
  here there are striking modification in gut
  length and morphology which can also be related
  to the type of food ingested.

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Upper alimentary tract

• Mouth
• Oesophagus
• Crop
• Stomach-two chamber
• Proventriculus
• Gizzard

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Lower alimentary tract

• Small intestine
• Caeca
• Rectum

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Metabolism

• Defined as the sum of all chemical reaction
  occurring in an organism.
• Anabolism-synthesis of molecules
• Catabolism-breakdown of molecules

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• Organic catalyst-enzyme-protein
• Increase in temperature will denature
• Factors that affect enzymes
• Temperature
• pH

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ATP-Energy

• Produced by burning glucose
• Glycolysis
• Cellular Respiration
• Krebs Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain

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Respiration and Circulation

• Warm blooded
• Need a supply of oxygen
• Upper respiratory tract
• External and internal nares
• Glottis

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• Lack a diaphragm
• Trachea branches into
• Two mesobronchi
• Divides again into
• Dorso and ventro bronchi
• Air sacs of these

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Blood

• 60 plasma depending on species
• 90 of plasma is water
• 10 dissolved substances being transported

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• Non plasma components
• RBC-erythrocytes
• Life is 25-30 days
• Broken down in liver

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WBC-Leukocytes

• Neutrophils (heterophils)
• Basophils
• Eosphils
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes-most numerous in birds

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The heterophil is the second most numerous WBC in
most birds. Heterophils are phagocytic and use
their enzyme-containing granules to lyse ingested
materials. Heterophils are motile and can leave
blood vessels to engulf foreign materials. 
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The lymphocyte is the most numerous white blood
cell.  Lymphocytes are either T-lymphocytes
(formed in the thymus) or B-lymphocytes (formed
in the bursa of Fabricius). B-lymphocytes produce
antibodies T-lymphocytes attack infected or
abnormal cells. 
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Monocytes are motile cells that can migrate using
ameboid movements. Monocytes are also
phagocytic. 
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Eosinophils make up about 2 to 3 of the WBC
population of healthy birds. The function is
these cells is unclear.
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Thrombocytes

• For clotting
• Vitamin K
• Calcium
• Fibrinogen
• Prothrombin and several enzymes

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Heart

• 4 chambered
• Closed system
• Pro-portionately larger
• Has a higher rate.

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Excretion and Water Balance

• The function of the excretory system is to
  maintain a stable internal chemical environment.
• Three major ways
• Excreting metabolic wastes
• Regulating ion concentration
• Regulating water balance

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Two main metabolic waste

• CO2-through lungs
• Nitrogen compound-(ammonia) excreted in urine
  (uric acid)
• Liver-important prevent ammonia poisoning

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Excretory, reproductive and endocrine systems

• Kidneys paired-primary organ of excretion
• -maintains blood pH
• Salt glands excrete more than 90 of NaCl in its
  diet
• The reproductive system
• Males-internal testes
• Females- only left ovary  

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Nervous System

• Basic Unit
• Nerve Cell
• single cell
• each may be several feet long
• convert all information

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• Touch
• Sight
• Sound
• Taste
• Smell
• Into electrical information

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Neuro-transmitters

• Acetyl-choline
• Norepinephrine
• Epinephrine
• Dopanine
• Seratonin
• GABA

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Ions Important for transmission of electrical
impulses

• Sodium
• Potassium
• Calcium
• Affects the permeability of the membrane to sodium

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• If nerve cells are cut or damaged, the axon
  usually is able to regenerate, usually slowly,
  although such regeneration rarely occurs in
  certain nerve cells such as those in the brain
  and optic nerve.

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Nervous System

• Parasympathetic (PNS)
• Resting function and digestion

• Sympathetic (SNS)
• --Prepare body for action

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Neuro-transmitters

• PNS
• Acetylcholine
• slows the heart rate

• SNS
• Norepinephrine
• increases the heart rate

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• The nervous system and senses
• Brain-similar in all species
• Turkey vulture has large olfactory lobes
• Senses divided into 3 catagories
• 1.      remote senses
• hearing
• smell
• vision
• balance
• magnetoreception
• baroreception
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• 2.body surface
• touch
• taste
• temperature
• 3.within the body
• position of limbs
• Internal temperature
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