The study of every living thing

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The study of every living thing!
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1.1 Similarities Among Living Things

• Biology
• Helps us understand things that impact us daily
• Health medical decisions
• Environmental decisions
• Food choices

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Biologists

• Study all living things
• How they _________________________
• How they _________________________
• How they _________________________

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Living Things

• Were once thought to be filled with
  _________________________- forces that bring
  non-living things to life
• During most of human history, many cultures
  believed in _________________________ - a view
  that living things exist because they have been
  filled with special forces called ethers that
  bring nonliving things to life

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___________________________

• Arose during the Dark Ages
• The belief that life begins when ethers enter
  nonliving things

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Francesco Redi

• Performed experiments involving maggots to test
  spontaneous generation
• 1. Maggots appeared in opened jars containing
  meat
• 2. Maggots did not appear in covered jars
  containing meat
• 3. Maggots did not appear in jars covered with
  cloth- hence, supporting biogenesis.
• The ethers could enter the jars in the setup,
  but the flies could not

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Francesco Redi

• Performed experiments involving maggots to test
  spontaneous generation
• 1. Maggots appeared in opened jars containing
  meat
• 2. Maggots did not appear in covered jars
  containing meat

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• 3. Maggots did not appear in jars covered with
  cloth- this supported biogenesis.
• The ethers could enter the jars in the setup,
  but the flies could not

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Biogenesis

• Principle that ______________________________
• Each type of living organism produces more of its
  own kind, or species

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Francesco Redi

• His work also supported another principle called
  _________________________ - the idea that all
  living and nonliving organisms obey the same laws
  of physics and chemistry.
• Living things are more complex

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• Living vs. Non-living
• Living and non-living things are made of same
  materials , but living things are characterized
  by _________________________
• Many criteria are not unique to living systems
• (Example fire consumes energy and can
  reproduce, but it is not made of cells)

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• 1. _________________________
• The degree of order in an organism. All organisms
  have patterns.
• Specialized structures perform specific functions
• All living things are made of ____________________
  _____ (the smallest unit that performs life
  functions)

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• Organisms can be _________________________
  (single celled) like bacteria

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• Organism can be _________________________ (many
  celled) like plants and humans
• Each cell displays the characteristics of life

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• Specialization (in multicellular organisms)
• __________________________________________________
  _

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• 2. _________________________
• Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
  having to do with energy
• Energy exists in different forms (sound, light
  and chemical)- all important to living things

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Where does energy come from?

• All organisms take in energy from the
  _________________________ and use it for their
  life processes
• Ex Light energy enables plants to make food
  from carbon dioxide and water

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• 3. _________________________
• An increase in size due to cell enlargement or
  division.
• _________________________ formation of new cells
  from an existing cell

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• 4. _________________________
• A change in shape or form to become a mature
  adult.
• Involves cell division and specialization
• Non-living things may experience growth and
  development (Ex clouds growing and changing),
  but these changes are _________________________

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• 5. _________________________
• When organisms produce new organisms like
  themselves
• Not essential for organism survival
• Essential for _________________ survival
• Organisms pass on hereditary information in the
  form of ______________.
• A __________ codes for a single trait.
• Can result in exact duplicate (______________
  reproduction) or a variation (____________
  reproduction)

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• Sexual reproduction ______organisms pass
  hereditary information to offspring (DNA)

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• Asexual reproduction ______ organism produces
  an identical offspring

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• 6. _________________________
• An organism can respond to a physical or chemical
  change in the internal or external environment
• Growth, migration, color changes, movement are
  all responses to environmental stimuli

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• 7. _________________________
• A way for an entire population to respond to
  _________________________
• Can be passed on from generation to generation
• Important for _________________________
• Explains the diversity of life we see today

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Adaptation (cont.)

• _________________________
• Maintaining a _________________________
  environment
• All living things need water, temperatures within
  a certain range and a source of energy
• Body temperature
• pH
• Moisture

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The Organization of Life

• All things can be organized from their smallest
  to their largest pieces

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• Levels of Organization

Atom/molecule
tissue
cell
Organ system
organ
biosphere
organism
biome
ecosystem
population
community
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• _________________________ building blocks of
  matter

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• _________________________ building blocks of
  life only living things are made of cells!

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• _________________________ a group of cells
  working together form tissue
• i.e. heart tissue or muscle tissue

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• _________________________ a group of tissue
  working together for a specific purpose
• i.e. heart or muscles

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• _________________________ organs working
  together for a specific purpose
• Circulatory system or muscular system

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• _________________________ Organ systems working
  together form an individual or organism

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• _________________________ a group of individuals
  of the same species living in the same area.

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• _________________________ - populations of
  animals (different species) living together in
  the same area.

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• _________________________ all the biotic
  (living) and abiotic (non-living) things in an
  area

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• _________________________ the similar set of
  biotic and abiotic species over a wide area

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• _________________________ all of the places
  where living things exist on Earth

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1.2 Adaptation

• Conditions on Earth are _________________________
  .
• The ability to respond and adapt to changes is
  one of the most important characteristics of
  living things.
• _________________________ changes cooling and
  heating during the day
• Animal responses occur quickly and easily with a
  change in _________________________
• _________________________ changes warming or
  cooling of Earth over thousands of years
• Animal responses include _________________________
  .

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• All living things are adapted to their
  surroundings
• Species that are not well adapted do not survive
  they become _________________________

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• _________________________ evidence points to the
  extinction of millions of species in Earths
  history

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How do the changes in Earth lead to changes in
organisms?

• Charles Darwin proposed a ________________________
  _ to explain how organisms change over time
• 1. He viewed life as a _________________________
  for Earths limited resources
• More living things are born than can survive
• 2. Organisms _________________________ in their
  characteristics

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Charles Darwin (cont.)- Theory of Evolution

• 3. Those organisms with certain characteristics
  are better able to survive and therefore
  reproduce
• 4. The traits that enabled an organism to
  survive are _________________________ .

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Interdependence

• All living things have complex interactions with
  their environments
• All species require a precise combination of
  temperature, moisture, soil composition and other
  environmental conditions in order to survive.

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• Some organisms are _________________________
  they rely heavily on one another for their
  survival
• A small change to one type of organism, such as a
  change in population size can have a major impact
  on all the other organisms in an environment

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• Predator Prey Relationships

Prey is hunted/eaten by another species
Predator hunts/eats another species
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• They lynx and hare populations are dependant on
  each other for survival.

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Symbiotic Relationships

• Symbiosis is a relationship between organisms
  that depend on each other
• 3 kinds
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Parasitism

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Symbiotic Relationships

• 1. _________________________ Both species will
  benefit from the relationship

Bees and flowers
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Symbiotic Relationships

• _________________________ A relationship where
  one species benefits and the other is unaffected.

Barnacles on whales
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Symbiotic Relationships

• _________________________ where one species
  benefits and the other species is harmed

Wasp larva on caterpillar
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Importance of Biology

• Everything you eat comes from something
  _________________________
• Most medicines have their roots in living things

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• Most _________________________ is made from
  living things
• Many _________________________ are currently or
  were once alive.

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1.3 _________________________

• A process that involves making predictions,
  designing an experiment, and observing and
  recording findings.

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• Not all scientific experiments are successful
• Successful experiments are copied and tested by
  others

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• When an idea has been tested and proven many
  times it becomes a _________________________ .

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• A hypothesis that has held up over time and is
  generally believed by most scientists to be true
  is a _________________________ .

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• _________________________ are theories that are
  believed true by most scientists.

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• _________________________ are designed to test
  hypotheses or predictions

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• A _________________________ is used in an
  experiment to make sure that change has occurred
  it does not experience change

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• A _________________________ is used in an
  experiment to demonstrate change it is the item
  experimented upon
• 2 Types of variables
• 1. _________________________ will change as a
  result of the variable that you changed
• 2. _________________________ - this is the only
  variable that you intentional change

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Hypothetical Experiment- Independent and
dependent variables vs. a control

• You hypothesized that temperature has an effect
  on the growth of pea plants
• Therefore, you design one experiment that
  undergoes a _________________________

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Hypothetical Experiment

• You design another experiment and keep everything
  constant (amount of soil, type of pea plant,
  amount of water given, etc) ______________________
  ___
• The results are measured in the
  _________________________

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Hypothetical Experiment

• What was your control?
• _________________________
• What was your independent variable? What did you
  control?
• _________________________
• What was the dependent variable? What changed as
  a result of changing the temperature?
• _________________________

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In Redis experiment

• the control was the closed meat
• the independent variable was the
  _________________________
• The dependent variable was measured in the
  _________________________

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Mid- 1800s

• Doctors did not understand why surgical patients
  died of infection so often.
• Louis Pasteur discovered that microorganisms
  cause disease

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Pasteurs Scientific Experiment to further
disprove spontaneous generation

• Control experiment
• A swan neck flask that prevented dust from
  entering broth that had been boiled
• After one year, no bacterial growth

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Pasteurs Scientific Experiment to further
disprove spontaneous generation

• Experimental setup
• A straight neck flask containing boiled broth was
  set up
• After one day, the broth was cloudy. When
  observed under the microscope, he found bacteria.

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• The swan neck flask kept dust/microorganisms out
  further proving the ___________________________

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• All science is based on experiments conducted
  using scientific method.
• Biology uses this method to study all life.