Electronics

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Electronics

• Core Technology
• Consumer Electronics, Computers, and
  Communications
• Future Projects
• Alarm, remote control, robot
• Equalizer, mixer, transceiver
• Noise reduction headphone
• Power hi-fi

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Electronic Circuits Laboratory

• Courses
• EE352 - Introduction to Electronics Laboratory
• EE312 - Basic Electronic Instrumentation
  Laboratory
• Webpage
• http//www.ee.buffalo.edu/courses/elab
• Instructor
• Prof. Pao-Lo Liu, 215A Bonner Hall
• 645-3115 ext. 1207
• paololiu_at_eng.buffalo.edu

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• Location
• Furnas Hall 415-417
• Support
• Mr. Roger Krupski
• Teaching Assistants
• Senior Assistants

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Learning Goals

• Instrumentation
• Multimeter, Oscilloscope, Function Generator,
  Power Supply, Curve Tracer, Data Acquisition
• Devices
• Diodes, Transistors, ICs
• Circuits
• Analog and Digital
• Diagrams and Simulation
• Construction and Diagnosis
• Design Capability
• Data Analysis
• Writing Report

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What are Needed

• Active Team Member NOT Observer
• Meet regularly and work together
• Laboratory Manual
• Laboratory Notebook
• Bound, Page Serialized
• Components
• Prototype Board, Resistors, Capacitors, Wires,
  Diodes, BJT, FET, Op Amp, ICs
• Reading and Preparation!
• 10 hrs of Activities per Week
• Web Resources
• http//newton.ex.ac.uk/teaching/CDHW/Electronics2/
  ElectronicsResources.html

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• Lecture
• Preparation
• Lab Session
• Attend the registered session.
• Report
• Due in one week no late report
• Will be graded in two weeks.
• File re-grading request immediately.
• Exam
• No missing exam
• Attendance and Activities
• Up to 10 pts

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Grading Guidelines

• EE 352 Each Student
• 2 Summary (10 pts each)
• 2 Full Reports (20 pts each identify)
• Written Exam (10 pts)
• In-Lab Final (30 pts)
• Attendance and Activities
• EE 312 Each Student
• 2 Summary (15 pts each)
• 1 Full Report (30 pts identify)
• Written Exam (10 pts)
• In-Lab Final (30 pts)
• Attendance and Activities
• Reports to be Written in Turns by Team Members
• EE352 Exp. 4 or 6 not both
• Writing Reports - http//www.studygs.net/labreport
  s.htm

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Experiments

• Introduction to Electronics Laboratory
• RC Filter and Bridge Circuit
• Operational Amplifier
• PN Junction Diodes and Switching Characteristics
• DC Power Supply
• AC Power Circuit
• Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
• Logic Gates
• Digital Circuits
• Bipolar Junction Transistor
• EE352 Only
• Schedule Posted on the Course Webpage

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Equipment

• Digital Multimeter
• Oscilloscope
• Power Supply
• Function Generator
• Curve Tracer
• Computer
• PSPICE, Multisim, Electronics Workbench,
• Data Acquisition, Labview

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Digital Multimeter
Voltage (M?) and Resistance ()Current
(?)CommonAC or DCSensitivity
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Agilent Digital Multimeter
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Digital Multimeter

• Select the Mode
• Current Mode Different plug
• Resistance Mode Red lead positive
• Select the Sensitivity Scale
• AC Measurements
• Limited to few kHz
• RMS peak / ?2 for sinusoidal wave
• Alternative oscilloscope
• http//www.doctronics.co.uk/meter.htm
• http//www.physics.smu.edu/scalise/apparatus/mult
  imeter/

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Digital Multimeter

• Voltage
• In parallel with a resistor in the circuit
• Current
• In series with a current path in the circuit
• Resistance
• Two terminals of a resistor out of circuit

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Oscilloscope
http//www.seas.upenn.edu/ese/rca/instruments/HPsc
ope/54600B.htmlhttp//www.tek.com/Measurement/App
_Notes/XYZs/03W_8605_2.pdf
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Oscilloscope
Waveform, Frequency
Transient Response
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Oscilloscope

• Dual Trace (Voltage vs. Time)
• Waveform display and timing comparison
• Time Base Adjustment
• 5-10 cycles of sine wave
• Clearly measurable rise or fall time
• Sensitivity, Position
• DC or AC coupling
• AC coupling high pass filter droop
• Trigger Source
• A, B, line, external low or high pass filter to
  get stable display
• Averaging
• Measurements Using Cursors ?V, ?t, rise time
• Data Acquisition
• LabView or Intuilink
• Manual posted on course website

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Labview

• Operate, Run
• Print LabView screen shot
• Data file

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Intuilink
Screen Shot

• Scope screen shot
• Digitization and data file
• two columns time, voltage
• three columns time, trace 1 voltage and trace 2
  voltage

Digitization
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Spreadsheet

• Data Processing
• Subtraction, addition, averaging
• Data Plotting
• Insert Chart
• Chart Type XY (Scatter) with line
• Data Range
• Series Multiple traces
• Scale
• Axis
• X Time
• Y Voltage
• Data Analysis
• Fourier analysis

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Power Supply
Dual VoltageCommon Reference - Ground
NodeCurrent LimitingEarth Ground5-V Source
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Function Generator
Input waveforms to characterize circuit response
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Function Generator

• Waveforms
• Sine, square, triangular, sawtooth
• Frequency
• Amplitude
• Peak-to-peak or RMS
• DC Offset
• Output impedance
• Reading off by a factor of 2
• Other functions
• Modulation
• Sweeping
• http//www.seas.upenn.edu/ese/rca/instruments/HPfu
  ncgen/WaveFormGen/WaveFormGen.html
• Full manual posted on course website

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Prototype Circuit Board
Power Bus
Internal Contacts
Ground Bus
Bridge the Gap
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Prototype Circuit Board
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Prototype Board Assembly

• Post Assembly
• Align notches
• Make sure the post is not shorted to the metal
• Wire to the Post
• Only insert the exposed metal wire
• Do not let the insulator extend into the post

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Simulation

• Tools
• PSPICE
• Electronics Workbench, Multisim
• Virtual Instrument
• Getting Started
• Short instruction in manual
• Demo on course website
• http//faculty.citadel.edu/mckinney/pspice.pdf
• Practice, Practice, and Practice!

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Procedures of Simulation

• Compose the Circuit.
• GUI Schematic Capture
• Text Circuit Description File
• Correct Errors.
• Run Simulation.
• Review Results.
• Bias Voltage, Waveform, Frequency Response
• Optimize the Circuit.

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Resistor Identification

• Fixed Resistors - Color coded
• Carbon film, metal wire
• black, brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
  purple, gray, white
• 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
• Two significant digits one multiplier
• Example brown black brown 100 W
• More color ring Tolerance
• Gold 5
• Silver 10
• Color code calculator http//www.electrician.com/
  resist_calc/resist_calc.htm
• Adjustable Resistors - Potentiometer

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• Fixed Resistors and Resistor Array

• Potentiometer or Pot

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• Current
• I V / R
• Power
• P I ? V I2 ? R
• Resistor rated at 0.25 W can burn while operating
  above its power handling limit.

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Capacitor Identification

• Capacitors - Labeled or number coded
• Number Coded
• 104 10 x 104 105 pF
• Labeled
• 22 22 pF
• 10 ?F
• Electrolytic capacitors are labeled and polar.
• Accuracy code
• K 10
• http//www.electronics2000.co.uk/calc/calccap.htm

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• Electrolytic, ceramic, mica, tantalum,
  polystyrene film

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• Electrolytic capacitor in wrong polarity has a
  leakage current.
• Wrong bias, circuit fails to function
• When biased above its rated voltage, an
  electrolytic capacitor could explode.
• Shock

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Component Identification

• Transistors - 2N3904
• Pin configuration EBC
• Op Amp - 741
• Pin configuration
• 2-in, 3in, 4-V, 7V, 6 out, 1,5 offset
• Notch - pin 1
• ICs
• Data Sheet

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Putting it All Together

• Prototype Circuit Board
• Power supply and ground bus
• Semiconductor devices
• R, C
• Short wires
• Ground Reference
• Power Line Filter
• Switching transient
• http//www.kpsec.freeuk.com/breadb.htm

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Recommendations

• Read the laboratory manual.
• Run EWB/Multisim or PSPICE.
• Put the circuit together before the laboratory.
• Plan what to do in the laboratory.
• Dont make up or copy reports.

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Introduction

• Oscilloscope
• Trigger small signal
• AC or DC coupling
• Timing comparison
• Data acquisition
• Power supply current limiting
• Function generator
• Voltage divider
• E-Bench/Multisim or PSPICE
• http//coecsl.ece.uiuc.edu/me360/me360Lab1.pdf

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Oscilloscope

• Synchronization of small signal
• Trigger channel, filtered
• External, strong, synchronized signal
• Small AC signal on DC
• AC coupling
• Low Frequency
• DC coupling
• Ground Loop Noise
• Single primary ground, reference node
• Measurements
• Amplitude, frequency (period)
• Timing Comparison
• Dual trace
• Cable length at high frequency

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Oscilloscope
Auto
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Power Supply
Select dial A or B

• Voltage Source
• Constant voltage
• Adjustable
• Protection
• Current limit lt100 mA
• Select source A
• Set to 1V minimum current
• Attach a 10-? resistor
• Turn current limit knob until 100 mA
• No longer constant voltage
• Multiple Voltages
• Common or ground reference

Set voltage
Set current limit
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Function Generator

• Waveform Selection
• Sine (frequency scan)
• Square (time or transient response)
• Amplitude
• Peak-to-peak
• 50 ? load assumed reading x2 actual
• Frequency
• Offset
• Digital pulses

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Function Generator
Change dial
Waveform
f, V
Decimal Point
DC Offset
Unit
Keypad Enter
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Voltage Divider
Derive mV signal for input
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Single Ground Reference

• Do not use Earth Ground
• Pick one reference node as the primary ground
  node
• Power supply common node
• Connect oscilloscope to common
• Connect function generator to common
• Connect the ground of circuit to common
• Do not form a ground loop
• http//www.channld.com/hum.html

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Activities

• Set up function generator
• Display waveforms on oscilloscope and record data
  in file
• DC and AC coupling
• Low frequency waveform
• Small AC signal on large DC
• Compare timing using dual traces
• Voltage divider
• Practice triggering with weak signal and external
  trigger
• Practice PSPICE or Electronic Workbench /
  Multisim