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Marine Ecology

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They can be divided into phytoplankton (plants) and zooplankton (animals) ... Zooplankton include the copepods and foraminifera. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Marine Ecology


1
Marine Ecology
2
Ecology is the study of the inter-relationships
between the physical and biological aspects of
the environment. It is the study of how organisms
adapt to their environment and in turn alter it.
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4
There are two major marine provinces the
benthonic (bottom) and the pelagic (water column).
9-1
Ocean Habitats
  • The benthonic environment is divided by depth
    into the Intertidal zone, Sublittoral zone,
    Bathyal zone, Abyssal zone, and the Hadal zone
  • The pelagic environment is divided into the
    Neritic Zone and the Oceanic Zone

5
Ocean Habitats
6
The ocean can also be divided into zones based
upon depth of light penetration.
9-1
Ocean Habitats
  • The photic zone is the depth where light is
    sufficient for photosynthesis.
  • The dysphotic zone is where illumination is too
    weak for photosynthesis.
  • The aphotic zone receives no light from the
    surface because it is all absorbed by the water
    above.

7
Marine organisms can also be classified by
lifestyle.
9-3
Classification of Lifestyle
  • Plankton are the organisms which float in the
    water and have no ability to propel themselves
    against a current.
  • They can be divided into phytoplankton (plants)
    and zooplankton (animals).
  • Nekton are active swimmers and include marine
    fish, reptiles, mammals, birds and others.
  • Benthos are the organisms which live on the
    bottom (epifauna) or within the bottom sediments
    (infauna).
  • Some organisms cross from one lifestyle to
    another during their life, being pelagic early in
    life and benthonic later.

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Benthic community - kelp bed
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12
In 1735 Linnaeus developed the taxonomic
classification used in zoology.
9-2
Classification of Organisms
  • The categories are from largest to smallest
    Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and
    Species.
  • The name of a species consists of the genus name
    combined with a trivial name.
  • The genus name begins with a capital.

13
The five major kingdoms in the ocean are Monera,
Protista, Fungi, Metaphyta and Metazoa.
9-2
Classification of Organisms
  • Monera are the bacteria and blue-green algae.
  • Protista are single-celled organisms with a
    nucleus.
  • Fungi are abundant in the intertidal zone and are
    important in decomposition.
  • Metaphyta are the plants that grow attached to
    the sea floor.
  • Metazoa include all multicellular animals in the
    ocean.

14
Environmental factors in the marine environment
include temperature, salinity, pressure,
nutrients, dissolved gases, currents, light,
suspended sediments, substrate (bottom material),
river inflow, tides and waves.
9-4
Basic Ecology
  • Ecosystem is the total environment including the
    biota (all living organisms) and non-living
    physical and chemical aspects.
  • Temperature can control distribution, degree of
    activity and reproduction of an organism.
  • Salinity can control the distribution of
    organisms and force them to migrate in response
    to changes in salinity.

15
More than 90 of marine plants are algae and most
are unicellular and microscopic.
9-5
Selective Adaptive Strategies
  • To photosynthesize (produce organic material from
    inorganic matter and sunlight) plants must remain
    within the photic zone.
  • Diatoms are single cells enclosed in a siliceous
    frustrule (shell) that is shaped as a pillbox.
  • Dinoflagellates are single cells with two
    whip-like tails (flagella).

16
Land vs. Ocean Plants
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Phytoplankton Maximize Surface Area
18
Diatoms
19
Zooplankton include the copepods and foraminifera.
9-5
Selective Adaptive Strategies
  • Copepods are small herbivores (plant-eating
    organisms) that filter diatoms from the water.
  • Foraminifera are single-celled, microscopic
    organisms which build shells of calcium carbonate.

20
Zooplankton - Copepods
21
Intertidal benthonic communities generally
display vertical zonation that parallels sea
level.
9-5
Selective Adaptive Strategies
  • Zonation reflects the amount of time the area is
    submerged and the ability of the organism to
    survive the stress of exposure.
  • Benthonic communities also vary in response to
    substrate (bottom material).

22
Rocky intertidal - vertical zonation
23
9-4
Basic Ecology
  • Hydrostatic pressure is the pressures exerted by
    a column of water surrounding an organism.

24
The morphology of fish has evolved to allow them
to move through the water easily.
9-5
Selective Adaptive Strategies
  • The fishs body must overcome three types of drag
    (resistance) Surface drag, Form drag, and
    Turbulent drag.
  • Speed is dependent upon body length, beat
    frequency, and the aspect ratio of the caudal
    fin.
  • Aspect ratio is the ratio of the square of the
    caudal fin height to caudal fin area AR
    (Caudal Fin Height)2/Caudal Fin Area
  • There are three basic body forms, each adapted to
    a different life style.
  • There is a strong correlation between predation
    success and body form.
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