Abnormal Behavior in the Historical Context

1
Chapter 1

• Abnormal Behavior in the Historical Context

2
Abnormal Psych Definitions

• What is Abnormal behavior?
• Psychological Disorder
• There are three criteria within this definition
  that are necessary but not sufficient to define
  psychological disorder

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Criteria 1

• Psychological Dysfunction a breakdown in
  cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
• Example
• Where do you draw the line for normal versus
  abnormal reactions?

normal
abnormal
4
Criteria 2

• The disorder or behavior must be associated with
  distress or impairment

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Criteria 3

• The response must be atypical or not culturally
  expected
• The behavior, emotion, or cognition occurs
  infrequently or deviates from average behavior
• The behavior, emotion, or cognition is a
  violation of social norms

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Example of Definition

• Story of Judy
• Judy has a phobia of blood/injury/injection
• Phobia is so bad that at the mere thought of
  blood Judy faints even during Science class

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Judy

• What if she fainted so often that soon no one
  even noticed
• What if she continued to get good grades
• Is it still impairing/dysfunctional/distressing
  in this instance?

8
Description of Dysfunction

• Defining disease
• The best we can do is
• I.E. depression or anxiety
• It is possible in this way to have a minimum
  number of symptoms
• It is possible to have some Sx, but not all Sx
  and still meet criteria

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Definition

• Psychopathology
• The scientific study of psychological disorders
• Scientific methods are now used to study mental
  disorders
• Title of scientist-practitioner
• Consumer of science
• Evaluator of science
• Creator of science
• Goal of research
• Describe, determine causes of, and treat
  psychological disorders

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Who studies psychopathology

• Clinical/Counseling Psychologists (Ph.D., Psy.D.)
• Psychiatrists (M.D.)
• Psychiatric Social Workers (M.A.)

• Psychiatric Nurses (M.A./Ph.D.)
• Marriage/Family Therapists (M.A.)
• Mental Health Counselors (M.A.)

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Describing Psychopathology

• Presenting Problem
• Why did the individual come to your clinic?
• Clinical Description
• The unique combo of behaviors, thoughts, and
  feelings that make up a specific disorder What
  makes the disorder different from normal behavior
• Prevalence
• How many people have this disorder
• Incidence
• How many new cases appeared in a specific time
  period
• Sex-ratio male to female
• Age of onset

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Describing Psychopath Cont.

• Course of disorder
• Onset of disorders
• Prognosis
• Etiology

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Models of Explaining Abnormal Behavior History

• Supernatural Tradition
• Biological Tradition
• Psychological Tradition

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Models of Explaining Abnormal Behavior History

• Supernatural Model

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Some Treatments for Mental Illness Under This
Model

• Exorcism
• Shaving a cross into their hair
• Securing sufferers to the wall of a church to
  hear mass
• Hydrotherapy
• Snake pits to scare the evil out of them

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Supernatural Model cont.

• Transition of supernatural model
• The supernatural model transitioned
• Insanity began to be viewed as a natural
  phenomena caused by mental or
• Common Treatments

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Mass Hysteria

• Phenomena of emotion contagion
• The experience of an emotion seems to spread to
  others in the vicinity
• Why? People are very susceptible when in states
  of high emotion

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Supernatural Model Cont.

• The moon and the stars
• Paracelsus
• Rejected notions of possession by the devil and
  instead believed

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Biological Tradition

• Hippocrates
• Galen
• took over this thought and it went well into the
  19th century
• Four Humors
• Treatments

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Biological Tradition Cont.

• Evidence supporting this thinking during the time
  period
• 19th century Syphilis- STD caused by a
  bacterial microorganism entering the brain-
• They found that malaria cured syphilis

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Biological Cont.

• John P. Grey American Psychiatrist believed
  psychologically ill was
• Treatments
• With this model humane treatment

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Additional Biological Treatments

• 1930s began the use of electric shock
• Insulin shocks were discovered by accident to
  improve
• ECT
• 1950s began drug therapy

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The Psychological Tradition

• Moral therapy
• Philippe Pinel

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Psychological Tradition Cont.

• Moral therapy gave way because it worked best
  when institution sizes were
• After the Civil War immigrants came to the U.S.
  in droves bringing with them
• Moral therapy gave way and the

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Psychological Tradition Cont.

• The psychological tradition reemerges in the
  middle of the 20th century with psychoanalysis,
  humanism and behaviorism

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Psychoanalysis

• Freud

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Structures of the Mind

• Id
• Ego
• Superego

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Structures of the Mind Cont.

• If the ego cant regulate and one of the other
  parts of the mind become more powerful than there
  will be intrapsychic conflict
• ANA O.

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Defense Mechanisms

• Unconscious protective processes that keep
  primitive emotions in check so the ego can
  continue to function

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Defensive Mechanisms

• Displacement
• Sublimation
• Denial

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Defense Mechanisms Cont.

• Projection
• Rationalization

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Defense Mechanisms Cont.

• Reaction Formation
• Repression

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Psychosexual Stages of Develop

• Oral
• Anal
• Phallic
• Latent
• Genital
• Basic needs gratification during each stage of
  development

34
Oedipal Complex

• Phallic Stage
• Boy wants to be with mother and kill father
• Female Component Electra Complex

35
Other Names in Psychoanalytic Theory

• Anna Freud
• Melanie Klein and Otto Kernberg
• Carl Jung and Alfred Adler

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Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy

• Free association
• Dream analysis
• Transference

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Phased into Psychodynamic

• Focuses on
• Focuses on
• Focuses on
• Focuses on
• Focuses on
• Focuses on
• Focuses on

38
Humanistic Psychology

• Every person is believed to be basically good
• Blocks to achieving full potential
• Self-Actualization
• Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

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Humanistic Psychotherapy

• Person Centered Therapy
• Unconditional Positive Regard

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Behaviorism Model

• Focuses on learning and adaptation affect in the
  development of psychopathology
• Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner

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Classical Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
• Pavlovs Dogs

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Terms of Classical Conditioning

• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• Conditioned Response (CR)

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Example Pavlovs Dogs

• UCS
• UCR
• CS
• CR

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Additional Terms

• Stimulus Generalization
• Extinction

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Studies on Classical Conditioning

• Watson
• Little Albert his students son
• Rat and Loud Noise
• Generalized even to Santa Beards
• Peter unlearned fear of rabbit

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Operant Conditioning

• Skinner
• Reinforcements
• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement
• Punishment

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Operant Conditioning Principle

• Shaping - Using positive or negative
  reinforcement and reinforcing successive
  approximations of the desired behavior in order
  to shape the individuals behavior into the
  desired goal
• Pigeons Playing Ping Pong

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Behavior Therapy

• Systematic Desensitization
• Based on the learning principles of Watson,
  Skinner, and Pavlov