Development of Juvenile Delinquency Biopsychosocial process

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Development of Juvenile DelinquencyBio-psycho-so
cial process

• Somchart Suthikarn M.D.
• Child Adolescent Psychiatrist

2
CD vs Delinquency (Age lt 18yr)

• Delinquency is defined by law
• Many forms of delinquent acts are also symptoms
  of CD
• 90 of children with 3 or more CD symptoms at
  age 15 frequent offenders a year later
  
• (Fergusson and Horwood,1995)
• Aggression to people and animals
• Destruction of property
• Theft or Deceitfulness
• Violation of rules

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Conduct Disorder(CD)

• Childhood antisocial behavior
• ? Repetitive and persistent violation of
• the basic rights of others and societal
• norms (Loeber et al.,
  2000)
• ? Risk for antisocial behaviors in adolescence
  and adult life, rate of adult psychiatric
  disorder
• (Robins,1996Robins,1991)
• ? Wider interpersonal and social role
  impairments
• ? Violent marriages (Moffitt Caspi,1998)
• 
  

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• Classification Systems
• ICD 10 (WHO,1992)criterion set of items of
• Conduct disorder (CD)

DSM - IV (APA,1994) Oppositional Defiant
Disorder (ODD) Conduct Disorder
items (CD) (Angold
Costello,2001)
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

• Loses temper
• Argues with adult
• Defies or refuses to comply with adults requests
  or rules
• Deliberately annoys people
• Blames others for his mistakes or misbehavior
• Easily annoyed by others
• Angry resentful
• Spiteful or vindictive
• 
  (APA-1994)

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Conduct Disorder (CD)

• Bullies, threatens others
• Initiates physical fights
• Has used a weapon
• Physically cruel to people , animals
• Has stolen while confronting a victim
• Has forced someone in to sexual activity
• Has deliberately engaged in fire setting
• Has deliberately destroyed others property
• Often lies to con others (APA-1994)

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• Conduct Disorder (CD- continued)
• Has stolen items of nontrivial value without
  confronting the victim
• Outlate without permission, before age 13
• Has run away from home over night at least twice
• Often truant from school, before age 13
• Has broken into someone elses house,
• building or car
  (APA-1994)

9
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?????? BIO
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• ???? ???????????,???? (1997)

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???????????????????????????? (Conduct Disorder)
?????? 10 ?? (1991-2000)

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  (Boyle,Offord,1991)
• ? ??????????????????? 46 ????????? 35
• 
  (Oxford et
  al.,1992)
• ? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????
  ????????????? (Caspi,
  White et al.,1994)

12
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• 
  
  
• Book
  JS,1995

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• ??????????????????????????????
• ???????????? ???
• ??????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????
  (Babinski et al.,1999)
• ????????????????????? (Loeber et
  al.,2000)
• ?????????????????, ????????????,
  ?????????????????????? (Faraone et
  al.,1991,1977Biederman et al.,1992)
• ????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????? ?????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????
  (???????? 6 ?????? ????????? ?.?.1988-1997)

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????????????????

• ? ??????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? 3
  ??
• ???????????????????????????????? (Adult
  Offender)
• (Moffitt,1996Goodman
  R,2001)
• 
  
• ? ?????????????????????? (Childhood onset)
• ??????????? 5-10 ?? ????????????
  ?????????????? ???????????????
  ???????????????????????
• (Lahey et al,1998Loeber,Burke,Lahey,
  2000)

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Early onset CD (Life Course Persistence)

• More fights, conviction for violent offences
• Aggressions in several domain
• Higher rate of hitting their children, more
  disagreement at work in adult life
• (Moffitt et al., in
  press)
• CD males age of onset less than 10 yrs
• are 8.7 times more aggressive than later
  age CD (Lahey et al., 1998)

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Late Onset CD

• Become delinquent as a result of social
  influences
• Seeking social status
• Association with other delinquent youths

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Moffitt et al., 1995

• LATE onset CD are associated with a gap between
  expectations and achievements
• Likely to limit when they acquire the previledges
  and material goods to which they aspire.
• (By age26)

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Cambridge study in Delinquent Development (411
from age 8)

• Antisocial behavior in adolescence (late
  onset)
• continue to commit undetected crimes
• in adult life, although their work
• performance and close relationships
• were not impaired
• (Nagin,Farrington,
  Moffitt,1995)

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• LATE onset CD ( agegt10 yrs)
• are associated with
• a gap between expectations and achievements
• Likely to limit when they acquire the previledges
  and material goods to which they aspire.
• (By age26)
• Moffitt
  et al., 1995

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Psychopathy

• 50-80 adult offenders ASP
• Psychopathy 15-30
• Characteristics
• Grandiosity, callousness, deceitfulness,
• shallow affect and lack of remorse
• (Hare,Hart,Harpar,1991Robins,Tipp,Pryzb
  eck,1991)
• ADHD CD are at most risk for subsequent
  psychopathy

21
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46 ?????????????????????????????????????????
????????? ??? ????????????
?????????????????? (
Borderline) 28.5 ?????????
(Avoidant) 21.5 ??????
( Dependent ) 14.5
???????????? ( Antisocial) 3.5
???????? ???? ????????? ????????????????
(ADHD) ??????????? ????????????????????????
??????????????? 9 ????
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Cambridge Study inDelinquent Development

• ???????????????????????
• (?????????????????)
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• 
  (Farrington,2002)

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Risk Factors

• Temperament
• Age 2 yrs maternal aggression
• LACK OF CONTROL
• Age 3-5 yrs violence at age 18 yrs
• Number of parental changes
• Negative emotional parenting

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CNS (EVOLUTION OF BRAIN)

• BAS (Behavioral activating system)
• Dopamine
• BIS (Behavioral inhibiting system)
• Noradrenalin Serotonin
• withdrawn anxious aggression
• Attentional problem
• Anterior cingulate cortex conscious effortful
  behavior control

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• Verbal deficits
• Poor verbal skill verbal memory
• Low verbal IQ scores
• Poor vocabularies to describe
• Emotions
• Learning problem solving skill

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• Executive dysfunction
• Posterior DLF poor association between two
  sets of stimuli
• Perinatal complications
• Maternal smoking
• Prematurity
• Obstetric complications
• Maternal rejection

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• Physical abuse
• 28 of abused group had significant
• conduct problems in grades 3 and 4(507
  recruited from kindergarten)
• 
  (Dodge et al,1995)
• Information processing
• Encoding Errors , hostile attribution,
• favouring aggressive responses
• Aggressive children judge peers intentions
  as hostile
• (GuerraSlaby,1989Waas,1988Waldm
  an,1996)

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Parental practices

• Inconsistent use of rules
• Unclear commands
• Depend on the basis of mood
• Less monitor children whereabouts
• Unresponsive to prosocial behavior
• Hostile,critical,punitive,coercive
• Positive parental behavior
• Reasoning, negotiation,give responsibility
• Humor and incentive

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  (Utting D,2004)

30
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• (Garden F,2003,2004Supplee LH et al,2004)
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31
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• ( Oxford ML et al.,
  2000)

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