Title: Survey 2000 Constructive Criticisms: Overall Messages
1(No Transcript)
2- ACPE Update 2006
-
- Peter H. Vlasses, Pharm.D., BCPS, FCCP
- Executive Director, ACPE
- and
- Dimitra V. Travlos, PharmD, BCPSAssistant
Executive Director, andDirector, Continuing
Pharmacy - Education Provider Accreditation
-
- ASHP Midyear Meeting
- December 5, 2006
3Overview
- Professional Degree Program Accreditation
- Changing patterns of the pharmacy academy
- Revised Accreditation Standards/Guidelines
(Standards 2007) - New Standards/Guidelines Relevant to Experiential
Education - USDE Requests of ACPE
- Questions and discussion
4Overview (Cont.)
- Continuing Education Provider Accreditation
- ACPEs current CE enterprise
- Revised Definition of CE for the Profession of
Pharmacy - Feedback regarding the current Continuing
Pharmacy Education (CPE) system from its
stakeholders - Update of the Continuing Professional Development
(CPD) pilots - Questions and discussion
5First Professional Degrees Conferred 1980 - 2009
(projected)
ACPE
6Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy with
ACPE-Accredited Degree Programs
7New Schools and Colleges
- Programs with accreditation status (n 99)
- Full Accreditation Status 87
- (programs that have graduated students)
- Candidate Accreditation Status 5
- (programs with students enrolled but have not
yet produced graduates) - Pre-Candidate Accreditation Status 7
- (programs that have not yet enrolled students)
8New schools and colleges of pharmacy Status
report
- Another 6 12 under development with
applications pending in next 1-3 years
9Enrollment Growth at USColleges and Schools of
Pharmacy
10Pharmacy School and Residency Graduation Trends
Source AACP ASHP Data
11Standards 2000
- 8 Areas
- Mission, Planning, and Assessment
- Organization and Administration
- Curriculum
- Students
- Faculty
- Library Learning Resources
- Physical Practice Facilities
- Financial Resources
12What do ACPE Standards 2000 andMicrosoft Word
1.0 have in common?
13The Revision Process
- Jan 2003 Board decision to revise Standards
2000 - March 2003 Initiation of revision process with
first profession-wide Invitation to Comment - Web-based surveys (24 101), written submissions
( 90), open hearings, town halls, formal and
informal stakeholder interactions, review of
literature and pharmacy organizations policies - Jan 2005 First draft of standards only
- May 2005 Broad-based Focus Group
- June 2005 First draft of standards guidelines
- Revision based on stakeholder feedback
- Jan 2006 Adoption of Standards 2007
- July 1, 2007 Effective date
14ACPE Thanks the Members of the Standards Revision
Focus Group
- Ralph J. Altiere, PhD
- Heidi Milia Anderson, PhD
- Gayle A. Brazeau, PhD
- Susan Cornell, PharmD, CDE, CDM
- George E. Francisco, PharmD
- Dennis McAllister, RPh, FASHP
- Susan M. Meyer, PhD
- Jane Pruemer, PharmD, BCOP
- Magaly Rodriguez de Bittner, PharmD, BCPS, CDE
- Janet L. Teeters, RPh, MS
- Andrew P. Traynor, PharmD
15Basis of Revision
- Two of the main objectives were to simplify and
clarify expectation and intent of the standards
and provide additional guidance and direction
where needed requested - Ensure alignment with CAPE, NAPLEX Blueprint,
IOM, and JCPP Vision 2015 competencies and other
environmental factors - New requirements and guidance introduced, mostly
on response to stakeholder feedback
16Stakeholder Feedback to ACPE
- Ensure
- Standardization and consistency in accreditation
activities (for both professional degree programs
and continuing education providers). - Processes used in accreditation fairly and
adequately identify strengths and weaknesses of
professional degree programs and continuing
education providers. - Those being evaluated do not breech the integrity
of the accreditation review process.
17Stakeholder Feedback (cont.)
- Adequate faculty, facility, financial and
experiential site resources are supporting
expanding class sizes at existing pharmacy
schools and colleges, and classes at new schools
and colleges. - Experiential education allows students to have
adequate exposure and interaction with
appropriate patient and inter-professional
groups. - Promotion of scholarship and professionalism.
- The governance and operating procedures of ACPE
remain appropriate for the contemporary
environment.
18Standards 2007 New Structure
- Preamble (philosophy, structure, purpose, etc.)
- Standards (musts)
- Guidelines (musts and shoulds additional
explanation of standards and suggested ways to
achieve compliance in general with lists ) - Appendices (JCPP Vision 2015 Statement,
additional guidance on curricular content areas
and pharmacy practice experiences)
one document
19JCPP Future Vision of Pharmacy Practice 2015
- Pharmacists will be the health care
professionals responsible for providing patient
care that ensures optimal medication therapy
outcomes.
20JCPP Vision Statement The Foundations of
Pharmacy Practice
- Pharmacy education will prepare pharmacists to
provide patient-centered and population-based
care that optimizes medication therapy to manage
health care system resources to improve
therapeutic outcomes and to promote health
improvement, wellness, and disease prevention. - Pharmacists will develop and maintain
- a commitment to care for, and care about,
patients - an in-depth knowledge of medications and the
biomedical, (pharmaceutical), sociobehavioral,
and clinical sciences - the ability to apply evidence-based therapeutic
principles and guidelines, evolving sciences and
emerging technologies, and relevant legal,
ethical, social, cultural, economic, and
professional issues to contemporary pharmacy
practice
21Standards 2007
- 6 Areas
- Mission, Planning, and Evaluation
- Organization and Administration
- Curriculum
- Students
- Faculty and Staff
- Facilities and Resources
Each area has a Sectional Preamble to provide
context and intent
22Notable Changes New Requirements
- New language to describe patient care by
pharmacists (i.e., pharmacist-provided patient
care and medication therapy management services
to replace pharmaceutical care) - Support for accredited-residencies, fellowships
and graduate education (1) - Clearer expectations regarding evaluation and
assessment (3) - Regional accreditation required (new 4)
- Dean to notify ACPE if considering or planning
substantive change (8)
23Curriculum Standards 9 15
- 2004 CAPE Educational Outcomes adopted (12)
- Curricular Core Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes,
and Values (13) Pharmacy Practice Experiences
(14) - Medication safety, cultural competence and health
literacy - Required and elective coursework and experiences
- IPPEs ( 5 of curricular length) APPEs (25)
- Required APPEs must be in the US
- Assessment and evaluation of student learning
outcomes and curricular effectiveness
2412. Professional Competencies and Outcome
Expectations
- Professional competencies that must be achieved
by graduates through the professional degree
program curriculum are the ability to - Provide patient care in cooperation with
patients, prescribers, and other members of an
inter-professional health care team based upon
sound therapeutic principles and evidence-based
data, taking into account relevant legal,
ethical, social, cultural, economic, and
professional issues, emerging technologies, and
evolving biomedical, pharmaceutical, social,
behavioral, and clinical sciences that may impact
therapeutic outcomes
2512. Professional Competencies and Outcome
Expectations
- Manage and use resources of the health care
system, in cooperation with patients,
prescribers, other health care providers, and
administrative and supportive personnel, to
promote health to provide, assess, and
coordinate safe, accurate, and time-sensitive
medication distribution and to improve
therapeutic outcomes of medication use. - Promote health improvement, wellness, and disease
prevention in cooperation with patients,
communities, at-risk populations, and other
members of an inter-professional team of health
care providers.
26The PharmD Degree
Knowledge Skills
Attitudes/Behavior
Behavioral, Social, Admin Clinical Sciences/
Apply build on knowledge
Pharmacy Practice Experiences (patient settings)
ENTER PRACTICE
Pre-Professional
Biomedical Pharmaceutical Sciences/Didactic
IPPEs
Early Experiences/Simulation
APPEs
Independent/self-directed lifelong learner
Dependent/directed learner
27IOM Core Competencies
- Provide patient-centered care
- Standards 1, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 25, 26,
28 Appendices B, C - Work in interdisciplinary (interprofessional)
teams - Standards 6, 12, 14, 28 Appendices B, C
- Employ evidence-based practice
- Standards 9, 12 Appendices B, C
- Apply quality improvement
- Standards 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 22, 26,
29, 30 Appendices B, C - Utilize informatics
- Standards 12, 13, 14, 17, 28, 29 Appendices B, C
28- Standards 2007
- Pharmacys, not only ACPEs
- Release is not the end, but the beginning
29- Standards/Guidelines Relevant to Experiential
Education
30Structure of Standards 2007
31Preceptors
full-time, part-time, or volunteer faculty or
practitioners (usually pharmacists) who serve as
practitioner-educators and oversee students in
pharmacy practice experiences within the
curriculum.
32Standard No. 14 Curricular CorePharmacy
Practice Experiences
The college or school must provide a continuum
of required and elective pharmacy practice
experiences throughout the curriculum, from
introductory to advanced, of adequate scope,
intensity, and duration to support the
achievement of the professional competencies
presented in Standard 12.
33 The pharmacy practice experiences must
integrate, apply, reinforce, and advance the
knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values
developed through the other components of the
curriculum. The objectives for each pharmacy
practice experience and the responsibilities of
the student, preceptor, and site must be defined.
Student performance, nature and extent of patient
and health care professional interactions, where
applicable, and the attainment of desired
outcomes must be documented and assessed.
34 In aggregate, the pharmacy practice
experiences must include direct interaction with
diverse patient populations in a variety of
practice settings and involve collaboration with
other health care professionals. Most pharmacy
practice experiences must be under the
supervision of qualified pharmacist preceptors
licensed in the United States.
35Guideline 14.1
- the college or school must ensure that
preceptors receive orientation, especially for
first-time preceptors prior to assuming their
responsibilities, ongoing training, and
development. - Preceptors should provide close supervision of
and significant interaction with students. - The student-to-preceptor ratio for the pharmacy
practice experiences should be adequate to
provide individualized instruction, guidance,
supervision, and assessment.
36Guideline 14.3
- Students must not receive remuneration for any
pharmacy practice experiences (introductory or
advanced) for which academic credit is assigned.
Other work experiences in pharmacy settings for
which no academic credit is awarded (i.e., not a
component of introductory or advanced pharmacy
practice experiences) may be required for
advancement in the curriculum.
37Guideline 14.4
- The introductory pharmacy practice experiences
must involve actual practice experiences in
community and institutional settings and permit
students, under appropriate supervision and as
permitted by practice regulations, to assume
direct patient care responsibilities. Additional
practice experiences in other types of practice
settings may also be used.
38Guideline 14.4 (cont.)
- The introductory pharmacy practice experiences
should begin early in the curriculum, be
interfaced with didactic course work that
provides an introduction to the profession, and
continue in a progressive manner leading to entry
into the advanced pharmacy practice experiences.
The didactic course work itself should not be
counted toward the curricular requirement of
introductory pharmacy practice experiences.
39Guideline 14.5
- The organization of the advanced pharmacy
practice experiences should provide a balanced
series of required (the majority) and elective
experiences that cumulatively provide sustained
experiences of adequate intensity, duration, and
breadth (in terms of patients and disease states
that pharmacists are likely to encounter when
providing care) to enable achievement of stated
competencies as demonstrated by assessment of
outcome expectations.
40Guideline 14.5
- The required advanced pharmacy practice
experiences in all program pathways must be
conducted in the United States Required
experiences must include primary, acute, chronic,
and preventive carein the following settings - community pharmacy
- hospital or health-system pharmacy
- ambulatory care
- inpatient/acute care general medicine
- The college or school may offer elective advanced
pharmacy practice experiences outside US
41Guideline 14.6
- A quality assurance procedure for all pharmacy
practice experiences should be established and
implemented to - facilitate achievement of stated competencies,
- provide for feedback, and
- support standardization, consistency, and
inter-rater reliability in assessment of student
performance.
42Standard No. 28 Practice Facilities
To support the introductory and advanced
pharmacy practice experiences (required and
elective) and to advance collaboratively the
patient care services of pharmacy practice
experience sites (where applicable), the college
or school must establish and implement criteria
for the selection of an adequate number and mix
of practice facilities and secure written
agreements with the practice facilities.
43Additional Guidance on Pharmacy Practice
Experiences
- General Guidance
- Oversight of Pharmacy Practice Experiences
- Experiential director or equivalent
- Staff and technologic support
- Student assessment of preceptors
- Review committee and site visits for quality
control - Preceptors desirable characteristics
- Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences
- Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences
44IPPE Various Formats
- Shadowing of practitioners or students on
advanced pharmacy practice experiences - Assignments designed to help develop the desired
professional competencies - Interviews with real patients
- Service learning certain types
- Real practice experiences in community,
institutional, long-term care pharmacies, etc.
45IPPE gt 5 Guidance
- IPPE hours should be spread out over a 3 year
period and should grow experiences and
competencies designed to allow entry into APPEs
where the students will "hit the ground running."
- The use of the allows 3 and 4 year curriculum,
quarter and semester hour credits to be
calculated locally. Although some variation will
be acceptable based on the calculations and local
factors, assigning different credit-to-hour
calculations for IPPE versus APPE will not.Â
Approximately 300 experiential hours should be
the IPPE target.Â
46APPE
- Most of the time assigned for students in
advanced pharmacy practice experiences should
involve direct patient care. - Direct patient care experiences should be of
sufficient length to provide both continuity of
patient care and an opportunity for the student
to practice the competencies associated with that
practice setting. - The series of required and elective experiences
should be coordinated to achieve, in composite,
the experiential whole of the advanced pharmacy
practice experiences.
472006 USDE Review 4 Key Issues
- Document programs compliance with all standards
and performance with regard to student learning - Sufficient information is obtained through
on-site review to determine compliance - Effective controls against inconsistent
application of standards, makes standard-based
decisions, and has a reasonable basis for
determining accuracy of information used to make
the decision - On-site reviewers are trained on standards
- Note ACPE response to USDE needed by June 7,
2007
48ACPE Process for USDE Response
- Communication with USDE staff
- Analysis of how other accrediting bodies (e.g.,
medicine, dentistry) have addressed USDE
recognition criteria - Close collaboration with AACP Institutional
Research Advisory Committee (IRAC) - Meetings with AACP Board of Directors (Jul Oct)
- September 2006 Anonymous, Web-based Survey of
Deans and Faculty
49ACPE Response to USDE Concerns
- Develop and approve the documentation that will
be required for each standard (with the exception
of the surveys of students, faculty, preceptors,
and alumni) in future self-study reports
Timeline ASAP. - Work with the AACP IRAC, Deans identified by the
AACP Board, and a consultant hired by ACPE to
develop the surveys of students, faculty,
preceptors, and alumni, that will be useful in
assessment and accreditation activities
Timeline Approval of the surveys and how they
will be used by the ACPE Board of Directors at
their January 2007 meeting.Â
50ACPE Response to USDE Concerns (cont.)
- Develop rubrics for assessing standards
Timeline Approval by the ACPE Board of Directors
of the rubrics and how they will be used at their
January 2007 meeting. - Develop extensive and multiple mechanisms for
training college and school self-study
committees, as well as the identification and
training of evaluation team members on use of the
Standards 2007 rubric Timeline during Spring
2007. - Further explain the new procedures to the
academy Timeline early 2007.
51 52- Continuing Education Provider Accreditation
Program
53History of Continuing Pharmacy Education (CPE)
- 1965 Florida first state to introduce mandatory
CE - 1972-74 AACP/APhA Task Force on Continuing
Competence in Pharmacy - 1974 APhA Board recommends ACPE accreditation of
pharmacy CE - 1975 ACPE introduced accreditation standards
for CE providers - Initially, colleges and schools of pharmacy
constituted the majority of ACPE-accredited
providers - 1999 ACPE added standards for Certificate
Programs - All states now require CE for re-licensure
(Hawaii beginning with the renewal for the
licensing biennium commencing on January 1, 2008)
- ACPE-accredited providers now exceed 400
- Several other post-graduate education, training
and credentialing opportunities
54CE ProviderAccreditation Program
- Accreditation Standards
- Criteria for Quality and Interpretive Guidelines
(general standards) developed 1975 last
reviewed 1999. - Standards for ACPE-Accredited Providers Offering
Certificate Programs in Pharmacy (distinctive
standards) developed 1999.
55ACPE AccreditedCE Provider Demographics
56ACPE CE Enterprise Activities
57ACPE CE Enterprise Participants Served
58Changes in Pharmacy Education in the USA
- Change to PharmD as the sole entry-level degree
was not only a curricular change - Change of educational philosophy and
methodologies - Problem-based learning critical thinking
problem solving - Retrieval and evaluation of professional
information and literature - Self-directed learning, commitment to lifelong
learning (continuum of education) - Greater emphasis on practice-based learning in
the professional degree program curriculum - Prepare graduates to be agents of change
59The Continuum of Education
- While accounting for the different needs of
adult, post-graduate learners, continuing
education must incorporate the principles and
methodologies now utilized successfully in
professional degree education - Overall, CE has been slow to make this transition
60ACPE Strategic Goals
- To improve the standardization and consistency of
ACPEs accreditation procedures (for both the
professional degree and continuing education
provider accreditation programs) through the
increased use of standards-related process and
outcome measures. - To improve ACPEs efficiency and effectiveness in
support of its mission and strategic plan. - To continue to work with its stakeholders to
explore enhancements to the present continuing
education system on a profession-wide and
individual pharmacist level.
61Definition of Continuing Education for the
Profession of Pharmacy
- A structured educational activity designed or
intended to support the continuing development of
pharmacists and/or pharmacy technicians to
maintain and enhance their competence. Continuing
education promotes problem-solving and critical
thinking and is applicable to the practice of
pharmacy
Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education
(revised October 2006)
62Definition of CE for the Profession of
PharmacyUniversal Program Number
197 000 05 001 L 01
Topic Designator 01 Drug therapy 02 AIDS
therapy 03 Law 04 General Pharmacy
Sequential Number
Provider ID (001-998)
Cosponsor Designator (000, 999, 001-998)
Format Designator L Live offering HS Home
study C Combined
Development/ Release Year
63Definition of CE for the Profession of
PharmacyUniversal Program Number
P Pharmacist T Pharmacy technician
197 000 05 001 L 01
Topic Designator 01 Disease State/Drug
therapy 02 AIDS therapy 03 Law (related to
pharmacy practice) 04 General Pharmacy 05
Patient Safety (as defined by NPSF)
Sequential Number
Provider ID (001-998)
Cosponsor Designator (000, 999, 001-998)
Format Designator L Live offering HS Home
study C Combined
Development/ Release Year
64Criteria for Quality and Interpretive Guidelines
- Seven Areas
- Administration and Organization
- Budget and Resources
- Faculty and Staff
- Educational Program Development
- Methods of Delivery
- Facilities
- Evaluation
65Revision of CE Accreditation Standards
- Profession feedback
- Improve the quality of CE activities
- Monitor and validate the amount of time assigned
to home study CE activities - Upgrade the quality of post-test questions
- Engage participants in their learning
- Provide tools to learners to apply in practice
66Revision of CE Accreditation Standards
- State Board of Pharmacy feedback
- Require a learning assessment for all CE
activities - Concern about fraud
- Complaints about commercialism
- Learners are not participating in live CE
activities lack of networking, interacting with
colleagues professionalism
67Revision of CE Accreditation Standards
- CE Provider feedback
- Learning assessment
- Amount of credit assigned to offerings
- Promotional material
- Commercialism
- Time assigned to CE activities
68Revision of CE Accreditation Standards
- CE Provider Advisory Committee feedback
- Simplify and clarify
- Move administrative criteria to policies and
procedures - Provide more guidance on criteria regarding
educational principles, i.e. active learning and
learning assessment
69Revision of CE Accreditation Standards
- CE Field Reviewer feedback
- Simplify process
- Consider discussion between field reviewers and
staff to discuss review of provider prior to
board meeting - Provide feedback to field reviewers
- New rubric very user friendly!
70Revision of CE Accreditation Standards
- CE Participant feedback
- Variety of responses CE is perfect ? need for
major change - Academia / Hospital Health Care practitioners
specifically mentioned the need for a CPD model
of CE - CE selection factors
- More influence content, convenience, CE credit
- Less influence networking, specific provider,
specific faculty
71Revision of CE Accreditation Standards
- CE Participant feedback (cont.)
- Needs assessment
- More CE activities in law, informatics,
management, quality/safety - Building block approach to topics basic to
advanced - CE Activity
- Faculty are key to relate theory to practice
provide clinical insight - More case studies, discussion, interaction,
breakouts, skills development - Greater use of technology web casts and video
conference for activity and follow-up sessions - Make handouts more substantive and usable on a
daily basis - Commercialism/bias is still prevalent
72Revision of CE Accreditation Standards
- CE Participant feedback (cont.)
- Assessments
- Post-test questions are frequently poor quality
or do not pertain to the material feedback not
provided in a timely manner - Formal methods not consistently used in live
activities - More self-assessment/mini-test questions in
activities - Consider including methods to assess competence
- Evaluations
- Usage ranged from always to never
- Perception very important to worthless
- Content some are basic while others ask
relevance to practice - Uncertainty about quality of feedback when rushed
to complete at the end comments are not
addressed
73Results Standards for Continuing Pharmacy
Education
- New name Standards for Continuing Pharmacy
Education - Focus on education
- Administrative criteria moved to policies and
procedures
74Results Standards for Continuing Pharmacy
Education
- Introduction
- Continuum of learning (from Standards 2007)
- JCPP Vision of Pharmacy Practice 2015
- CAPE Outcomes 2004
- MMA 2003
- IOM Reports 2000-2006
75Results Standards for Continuing Pharmacy
Education
- Major changes
- Link between educational needs and performance
objectives - Three levels of CPE activities
- Knowledge-based
- Application-based
- Practice-based
- Documentation of learning to obtain credit
- Adoption of ACCME Standards for commercial
support (approved by ACPE Board October 2006)
76Continuing Professional Development
- CPD is a self-directed, ongoing, systematic and
outcomes-focused approach to learning and
professional development
Pharmacists who adopt a CPD approach accept the
responsibility to fully engage in and document
their learning through reflecting on their
practice, assessing and identifying professional
learning needs and opportunities, developing and
implementing a personal learning plan, and
evaluating their learning outcomes with the goal
of enhancing the knowledge, skills, attitudes and
values required for their pharmacy practice.
Adopted by CPD Pilots May 2006
77A Continuing Professional Development Cycle
78Policies and Statements on CPD
- JCPP (2003)
- NABP (2003)
- AACP (2003)
- ACPE (2003)
- ASHP (2004)
- APhA (2005)
- ACPE (2006)
79ACPE Statement on CPD
- Ongoing strategic priority to work with
stakeholders to explore enhancements to present
CE system (at the profession-wide and individual
levels) - Studied published findings and conclusions
experiences of other countries and professions
recommendations from key reports (e.g. IOM) - CPD built on sound educational principles can
further engage pharmacists as adult learners
enhance effectiveness and outcomes of CE
October 2006 update of 2003 statement
80ACPE Statement on CPD (contd)
- Practitioners and educators would benefit by
adopting a CPD approach - CPD provides an opportunity for quality
improvement of current CE system - Inclusion/reinforcement of CPD principles in
Standards 2007 (students, faculty staff) - Recognizes challenges of implementation
- Supports ongoing discussions and initiatives
(including state-based pilots)
81State-Based CPD Pilots
- Initiative of several state pharmacy associations
- Five states in first pilot (IA, IN, NC, WA, WI)
- Underway roll-out 2006-2007
- 30 pilot participants per state, plus control
group - Participation by preceptors being encouraged
- CPD 101 CE offering, followed by CPD
Certificate Program ( 10 months) - Pre and Post Surveys re CE/CPD habits
82ACPE October 2006 Resolution
- Be it resolved that ACPE actively collaborate
with the NABP, state boards of pharmacy,
providers of continuing education, and other
relevant stakeholders to identify how ACPE
accreditation policies, procedures and standards
can optimally support current and future
educational strategies and state requirements for
renewal of licensure, in order to support the
maintenance and enhancement of the competencies
needed by pharmacists to provide patient care
that ensures optimal medication therapy outcomes.
83- 12th Conference on Continuing Pharmacy Education
- Exploring New Heights
- October 4-7, 2007
- Denver, Colorado
84 85Contact Details
- By phone (312) 664-3575
- By e-mail pvlasses_at_acpe-accredit.org
- dtravlos_at_acpe-accredit.org
- Web site www.acpe-accredit.org
- By fax (312) 664-4652
- By mail 20 North Clark St, Suite
2500 Chicago, IL 60602-5109