Computers

1
Computers Microprocessors

• Slides taken from the following sources NC State
  slides for Intro. To Computing Systems, Computing
  Systems a Programmers Perspective, Computer
  Science Illuminated, and Parallex WAM

2
Transformations Between Layers
Problems
Algorithms
Language
Instruction Set Architecture
Microarchitecture
Circuits
Devices
3
Universal Computing Device

• All computers, given enough time and memory, are
  capable of computing exactly the same things.

PDA
Supercomputer
Workstation
4
Hardware Organization
5
Components

• Buses carry information between components
• Wordsize
• I/O Devices systems connection to the external
  world
• Main Memory temporary storage for anything used
  by the CPU
• DRAM
• Processor the engine that executes instructions
  stored in memory

6
Memory

• Memory is a collection of cells, each with a
  unique physical address

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7
Arithmetic/Logic Unit

• Performing basic arithmetic operations such as
  adding
• Performing logical operations such as AND, OR,
  and NOT
• Most modern ALUs have a small amount of special
  storage units called registers

8
Control Unit

• Control unit is the organizing force in the
  computer
• There are two registers in the control unit
• The instruction register (IR) contains the
  instruction that is being executed
• The program counter (PC) contains the address of
  the next instruction to be executed
• ALU and the control unit called the Central
  Processing Unit, or CPU

9
The Fetch-Execute Cycle
10
Little Man Computer

• Look at The Little Man Computer and the
  accompaning power point slides for a simplified
  example of the operations performed by the CPU.
• The program is stored locally here.

11
Boe-Bot Microcontroller
Serial SignalConditioningConditions
voltagesignals between PC serialconnection (/-
12V) and BASIC Stamp (5V) for Programming.
5V RegulatorRegulates voltageto 5V with a
supply of 5.5VDC to 15VDC
EEPROMStores the tokenized PBASIC program.
ResonatorSets the speed at whichinstructions
are processed.
Interpreter ChipReads the BASIC program from the
EEPROM and executes the instructions.