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Introduction to Microbiology
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Microorganisms

• living things ordinarily too small to be seen
  without magnification

Bacteria Fungi (yeast mold) Protozoa
Viruses Algae
Which one is not prokaryote?
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Size of micro-organisms
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Foundation of modern Microbiology

• Microbiology as a science began with the
  development of the Microscope
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) father of
  microbiology
• Microorganisms and spontaneous generation

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Foundation of modern Microbiology

• Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) m.o.
• in spoiled food is the same as in the air
• The Germ theory
• Robert Koch (1843-1910)
• Kochs experiment

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Kochs postulates

• 1. The specific m.o. should be shown to be
  present in all cases of the disease.
• 2. The specific m.o. should be isolated from the
  diseased host and grown in pure culture.
• 3. These freshly isolated m.o., when inoculated
  into a healthy, susceptible host, should cause
  the same disease seen in the original host.
• 4. The m.o. should be reisolated in pure culture
  from the experimental infection.

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Microscopy

• Light microscope
• uses light as sources of illumination
• bright-field
• dark-field
• fluorescence
• phase-contrast

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Microscopy
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Fluorescence use an ultra-violet source of
illumination that cause fluorescent microbes to
emit light
Confocal use laser light to illuminate one
plane of a specimen at a time to obtain 2- and
3-dimensional images of cells
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Electron microscope
Microscopy

• electron beam light waves
• electromagnetic lens
• glass lens
• transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)
• scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)

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Microscopy
SEM
TEM
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The Procaryotic Cell
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Cell Morphology
Spherical
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Cell Morphology
Rod
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Cell Morphology
Spirochetes
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Composition and Structure

• Macromolecules chemical composition

• Proteins amino acids polypeptides
• primary structure
• secondary structure beta sheet alpha helical
• tertiary structure
• quaternary structure

• Nucleic acids DNA RNA

• Carbohydrates mono-, di-, polysaccharides

• Lipids fats, phospholypids and steroids

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Cell wall

• gram negative lipopoly-
• saccharides
• gram positive peptidoglycan

NAM N-acetyl muramic acid NAG N-acetyl
glucosamine
peptidoglycan
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Cell wall
gram positive bacterial cell wall
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Cell wall
gram negative bacterial cell wall
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Cell wall staining

• simple, differential, or special
• Gram stain

Gram positive
Gram negative
Acid fast
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Cytoplasmic membrane
Glycoprotein (Glycophorin A, Protein 3)
Cholesterol
Integral Protein
Extracellular
Intracellular
Peripheral Protein (Ankyrin)
Aminophospholipid
Choline Phospholipid
Peripheral Protein
Cytoskeleton
Actin
Spectin
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Ribosome
tRNA
Large subunit
Small subunit
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Flagella
locomotion
monotrichous
lophotrichous
peritrichous
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Axial filament
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Pili
- straight hair-like appendages - function
attach bacteria to other cell attaches
one bacterial cell to another during
mating
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Endospores

• occurs almost exclusively in G ve bacteria

• a dormant form of life and generally produced
• when conditions are not appropriate for
• vegetative cell growth

• are very resistant to
• killing by physical and
• chemical agents

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Storage granules
- glycogen (starch granules) - polyhydroxy
alkanoates (PHA) - polyphosphate (volutin) -
sulfur granules - Gas Vacuoles
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The Eucaryotic cell
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Nucleus
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Endoplasmic recticulum

• rough ER
• smooth ER

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Golgi apparatus
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Mitochondria
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Chloroplast
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Chromosome
metaphase
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Chromosome and DNA
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Lyzosome
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Centriole