Review Safety quiz

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Class Topics
Title Biology 8/22/07
Objectives

• To review knowledge of characteristics of living
  things and review the scientific method

• Review Safety quiz
• Chapter 1 notes
• Scientific method
• Science is the systematic classification of
  experience.
• George Henry Lewes (1817-78) English water and
  critic

Handouts
Wednesday, November 11, 2009 1201 PM
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Class Assignments
By When
What

• Lab Safety Quiz 8/22/07
• Read/outline p. 5-13 8/23/07
• Due this class period
• Due next class period
• Due in the future

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Postquiz Activities

• Hand quiz in
• Read 5-13

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Branches of Biology

• cytology
• histology
• mycology
• anatomy
• physiology
• microbiology
• botany
• ecology
• phylogeny
• morphology
• Heredity (genetics)

• zoology
• herpetology
• entomology
• ichthyology
• parasitology
• ornithology

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Major Themes

• I.  Structure and Function
• II Stability and Homeostasis
• III.  Reproduction Inheritance
• IV  Evolution
• V.  Ecology- interdependence of organisms
• VI.  Energy Relationships
• VII.  Science and Society

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What is the scientific method???

• Logically explains phenomenon (plausible
  explanations)
• Based upon evidence rather than belief
• Uses evidence to explain phenomenon
• Process used to understand the natural world
• Must be repeatable, unbiased, reliable

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Scientific Method Quote

• "It has become fashionable in science education
  to mold K-12 students around an idee fixe of a
  modern scientist formulating hypotheses,
  observing measuring, and discovering through
  hands-on investigations. What has been left
  unsaid is that real scientists don't actually
  spend very much of their day 'observing' and
  'measuring.' They read! Reading for understanding
  of content is the core process skill of science,
  and there is no substitute for practice at an
  early age.
• Dr. Stan Metzenberg, "Reading The Most Important
  Science Process Skill"

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Steps of the Scientific Method

• Observation
• Question
• Hypothesis
• Prediction
• Experiment
• Conclusion

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1. Observation

• senses to perceive objects or events
• Observation of something unusual or unexplained
• Used to form questions
• Ex. First hour keeps forgetting to complete their
  homework.
• Soldiers were turning yellow, getting a fever and
  dying during the Spanish-American War in Cuba
  (Yellow Fever)

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2. Question

• question is formed from observations
• Why do the students in 1st hour keep forgetting
  to complete their homework?
• What was causing the Yellow Fever?

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3. Hypothesis

• Hypothesis
• is a statement that explains observations AND can
  be tested
• Evidence can be collected that either supports or
  does not support it
• Can never be proven beyond all doubt
• because it can not falsify some information
• new data may arise
• Ex. The students do not complete their homework
  because they forget it and leave it at school at
  the end of the day.
• Mosquitoes were carrying a bacterium that was
  causing Yellow Fever

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4. Prediction

• Statement made in advance, that states the
  results that will be obtained from testing the
  hypothesis
• Ifthen statement
• If the students are reminded during 7th hour,
  then they will remember to take their homework
  home and complete it.
• If the soldiers had no contact with the
  mosquitoes, then they would not contract Yellow
  Fever

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Before we talk about the experiment, lets look
at data.

• Data any and all information scientist gather in
  trying to answer their questions
• How is data collected?
• Observation
• Measuring
• Sampling
• Organizing

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continued

• Direct observation done in the wild
• Measuring quantitative data
• Sampling testing a small part to represent the
  whole
• Organizing graphs, charts, tables, maps

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5. Experiment

• Process of testing a hypothesis by gathering data
  under controlled conditions
• Controlled experiment
• control and experimental group, which are
  identical except for one factor
• independent variable
• Dependent variable responding variable, reacts
  to the independent variable
• Measured variable

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5. Lets develop an experiment

• Observation First hour keeps forgetting to
  complete their homework.
• Question Why do the students in 1st hour keep
  forgetting to complete their homework?
• Hypothesis The students do not complete their
  homework because they forget it and leave it at
  school at the end of the day.
• Prediction If the students are reminded during
  7th hour, then they will remember to take their
  homework home and complete it.
• Experiment ????

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Other example

• Soldiers were divided into two groups
• Control
• Lived in normal conditions
• Experimental
• Lived in mosquito netting
• What was the independent variable?
• What was the responding variable?

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6. Conclusion

• Analyzing the data
• determining whether data is reliable
• Does it support the hypothesis?
• Statistical tests, comparisons with other tests,
  look for sources of experimental error
• After analyzing the data, scientist will model,
  infer and form theories

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6. Conclusion continued

• Model explanation to supported by the data
• Visual graphs
• Verbal papers
• Mathematical statistical tests
• Inference conclusion made on basis of facts or
  premises rather than direct observations
• Theories formed after many related hypotheses
  have been tested and supported through MANY
  experiments

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5. Draw a conclusion
4. Experiment
3. Predict your conclusion
3. Forming a hypothesis
2. Ask A question
1. Making observations
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For homework Defend these statements

• Scientists do not follow one form of the
  scientific method, they combine processes in a
  way that are best suited to answer their
  questions.
• Science does not depend on intuition, opinion,
  emotion or faith. It is rigorous (it needs
  evidence to support a hypothesis and is evaluated
  based on the evidence) and is self-correcting
  (through peer review and replication).