NonInvasive Measurement of Material Properties

1
Non-Invasive Measurement of Material Properties

• Principal Investigators Alexander Mamishev, Ann
  Mescher
• Graduate Research Assistants
• Kishore Sundara-Rajan, Xiaobei Li, Michael Hegg,
  and Anil Ogale
• Sensors, Energy, and Automation Laboratory
• Department of Electrical Engineering
• University of Washington
• email mamishev_at_ee.washington.edu
• http//www.ee.washington.edu/research/seal

2
Outline

• Introduction
• Experimental Results
• Paper Pulp
• Pharmaceutical Products
• Food Products
• Composite Materials
• Plastics
• Future work
• Conclusions

3
Introduction
4
Dielectrometry Research Directions in CPAC / SEAL
projects
5
Fringing Field Interdigital Sensor

• For a semi-infinite homogeneous medium placed on
  the surface of the sensor, the periodic variation
  of the electric potential along the X-axis
  creates an exponentially decaying electric field
  along the Z-axis, which penetrates the medium.

6
Multiple Resolution Levels

• Non-destructive, one-sided access.
• Through varying excitation patterns, multiple
  levels of proximity are possible.
• In-plane resolution is proportional to proximity
  sensing depth.

7
Sensing Possibilities

• Fringing electric fields can detect various
  characteristics of a sample.

8
Di-SPEC

• Application specific sensor design
• In-house designed multi channel data acquisition
  circuit.
• Custom designed user interface.
• Integrated real time data processing units.
• Modular software architecture.

9
Recent Experimental Results
Paper Project
10
Experimental Setup

• Pulp is blended using a blender to a consistency
  of a suspension.
• Sensor is attached to the outer side of the base
  of an acrylic tray.
• A guard plane is placed underneath the sensor
  electrodes to provide shielding from external
  electric fields.

11
Two Component Pulp

• Average normalized error of 1.7, 2.1 being
  state of the art.

12
Common Additives

• Whitening Agent
• Titanium dioxide
• Filler
• Clay
• Calcium carbonate
• Coloring pigments
• Sizing and Retention aids

13
Three Component Pulp
14
Parameter Selection Algorithm

• Automatic selection of parameters and constants
  based on training data set.
• The accuracy of the estimation is dependent on
  the quality of the training data set.
• Two interlinked algorithms operating in parallel
• Learning Algorithm
• Estimation Algorithm

15
Sample Output from Algorithm

• 2 sets of data were used to train the algorithm.

16
Recent Experimental Results
Pharmaceutical Products
17
Experimental Setup

• Fringing Electric Field Sensor with wavelength of
  500 microns was used.
• Measurements were made using Fluke manufactured
  RCL meter (Model PM 6304).
• Multiple tablets were placed on the sensor at a
  time.

18
Coating Thickness
19
Drug Signature
20
API Concentration

• Monotonic dependence exists between capacitance
  and drying time.
• One-to-one mapping can be established between
  capacitance and drying time to calibrate the
  sensor.

21
Recent Experimental Results
Cookie Project
22
New simulation instruments

• The moisture and temperature control chamber is
  used to monitor the aging process of samples.
• The table on the right has controllable
  rotational motion.
• The platform has precision controllable vertical
  motion.
• The table can be used as scanner to measure
  samples at different positions.

23
Labview Control Interface for the Rotating Table
24
The Effect of Temperature I

• Measurements of bagel samples placed inside the
  chamber at different temperature levels.
• Capacitance goes down with increasing frequency.

25
The Effect of Temperature II

• Conductance goes up with increasing frequency.

26
Simulation of the Aging Process I

• Chamber ambient temperature is set to and
  maintained at 85 ºF.
• Chamber ambient humidity is set to 85.
• Bagel samples are placed inside the chamber.
• Electrical measurements are collected when sample
  moisture content varies till it reaches
  equilibrium with the environment.

27
Simulation of the Aging Process II
28
Simulation of the Aging Process III
29
Multi-Channel FEF Sensor Design

• Figures of merits
• Signal strength
• Measurement sensitivity
• Dynamic range
• Penetration depth
• Robustness to disturbance factors
• Major design concerns
• Choice of sensor substrate and electrode material
• Choice of sensor geometry
• Size limitations
• Number of channels
• The position and geometry of the back plane

Effect of substrate thickness
30
Recent Experimental Results
RTM Project
31
Transparent Film Sensor

• ITO (indium tin oxide) sputtered film on PET
  (polyester) substrate
• Can be integrated in FEF or parallel-Plate
  configuration
• Transparency allows for coupling with IR sensor
• Flexibility allows for complex geometry
  applications

32
Spectroscopy Analysis
33
Fill Front Position Detection

• Independent measurements of fill-front position
  by sensors and camera show good correspondence.

34
Prototype Sensor Design
35
Recent Experimental Results
Plastics
36
Moisture Absorption
Initial Measurement
After 2 hrs in Water
Data Interpretation
After a Time Delay
37
Future Work

• Testing at manufacture sites (food, possibly
  paper)
• Real-time imaging and profiling (all
  applications)
• Increased sophistication of parameter estimation
  algorithms (all applications)
• Demonstration of real-time feedback process
  control (composites, possibly food)
• Further exploration of promising applications
  (pharmaceuticals, possibly polymers)
• Better integration with analytical chemistry
  research in CPAC, standardization and sensor
  fusion

38
Publications

• K. Sundara-Rajan, L. Byrd, and A. V. Mamishev,
  "Estimation of Moisture Content in Paper Pulp
  Containing Calcium Carbonate Using Fringing Field
  Impedence Spectroscopy," Appita Journal,
  (submitted)
• K. Sundara-Rajan, L. Byrd, and A. V. Mamishev,
  "Estimation of Moisture Content in Paper Pulp
  Containing Titanium Dioxide Using Fringing Field
  Impedance Spectroscopy," TAPPI Journal,
  (submitted)
• K. Sundara-Rajan, L. Byrd, and A. V. Mamishev,
  "Moisture Measurement in Paper Pulp Using
  Fringing Field Dielectrometry," IEEE Sensors
  Journal, 2003. (submitted)
• K. Sundara-Rajan, L. Byrd, and A. V. Mamishev,
  "Estimation of Moisture Content in Paper Pulp
  Containing Titanium Dioxide Using Fringing Field
  Impedance Spectroscopy," Tappi Spring Conference,
  Atlanta, 2004. (submitted)
• K. Sundara-Rajan, L. Byrd, and A. V. Mamishev,
  "Estimation of Moisture Content in Paper Pulp
  Containing Calcium Carbonate Using Fringing Field
  Impedance Spectroscopy," 58th Appita Annual
  Conference, Cannberra, Australia, 2004.
  (submitted)
• K. Sundara-Rajan, X. Li, N. Semenyuk, and A. V.
  Mamishev, "Moisture Measurement in Paper Pulp
  Using Fringing Field Impedance Spectroscopy,"
  IEEE Sensors Conference, Toronto, Canada, October
  2003.

39
Publications (Contd)

• X. Li, A. S. Zyuzin, and A. V. Mamishev,
  "Measuring Moisture Content in Cookies Using
  Dielectric Spectroscopy," IEEE CEIDP Conference,
  Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 2003.
• X.Li, C, Zrybko, R. Magaletta, and A. V. Mamishev
  Dielectrometry Based Sensing of Moisture Content
  Distribution in Cookie Dough, accepted by IFT
  International Food Safety and Quality Control
  Conference and Expo (2003).
• X. Li, A. S. Zyuzin, and A. V. Mamishev
  Impedance Spectroscopy Sensing of Moisture
  Content in Cookie Dough, submitted to IEEE
  Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical
  Insulation.
• B.Minaie, W. Li, J. Gou, Y. Chen, A.V. Mamishev,
  and A. Mescher, "Direct Adaptive Control of Resin
  Transfer Molding," SAMPE 2003, Long Beach, USA,
  May, 2003.
• A. A. Ogale, M. Hegg, A. Mescher, A. V.
  Mamishev, and B. Minaie Fill Front Detection
  Using Dielectric Sensors in Resin Transfer
  Molding Process, accepted by ICCE (International
  Conference on Composite/Nano Engineering) 2003.

40
Acknowledgements

• Undergraduate Research Assistants
• Leslie Byrd II
• Nick Semenyuk
• Cheuk Wai Mak
• Patrick Aubin
• Gio Hwang
• Alexei Zyuzin
• Chika Kato
• Nanaul Lwai
• Yu Cheung Tse
• Victor Loui

41
Acknowledgements

• We are grateful to Drs. Robert Magaletta and
  Carol Zrybko (Kraft Foods), Mahendra Muhnidasa
  and Seyhan Nuyan (Metso Automation), William Herb
  (Boeing), and Gideon Oenega (Wyeth) for their
  help and advice in the most recent stages of this
  project.
• Matching support from AFOSR and NSF is gratefully
  acknowledged.
• Additional funding is also provided by Metso
  Automation and Kraft