Arabic Scientists

1
Arabic Scientists
2
SciencesThe driving forces??

• The Prophet Muhammad said
• "it is the duty of every Muslim man and woman to
  seek education.

3
How??
-Mosque schools which were founded by the Prophet
himself. -In tenth century, in Baghdad alone
there were an estimated 3,000 mosques.
-Fourteenth century Alexandria had some 12,000
mosques, all of which played an important role in
education.

• Teachers? men and women
• Students? men, women, muslims, non-muslims, no
  age limit

4
How??

• -First school in Baghdad religious and
  intellectual sciences (mathematics, astronomy,
  music and physics)
• -Universities in the Arab empire (e.g. Al-Azhar
  University in Cairo)
• -Arab influence spread to Spain, Sicily and the
  rest of Europe.
• -Europeans became increasingly aware of Arab
  advancements.
• -Books were translated from Arabic into Latin and
  other languages.

5

• The sciences
• Main fields, Arabic scientists, some of what they
  did?

6
Chemistry

• Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
• Al-Razi (Al-Rhazes)
• Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
• -Chemical reactions.
• -dying cloth and leather, making varnishes to
  waterproof cloth and to protect iron, the
  preparation of hair dyes
• -Description of minerals, the formation of rocks
  and stones and the properties of minerals and
  metals.
• - ..etc

7
Mathematics

• Al-Khawarazmi
• -Introduced Hindu numerals, including the concept
  of zero,
• transmitted to the West. Before that, the West
  used the Roman numerals.
• 1948 in decimal MDCCCXLVIII in Roman !!!!
• Which one you will choose?!!
• -A special college for translators was founded in
  Spain, why???? most of the Arabic works on
  mathematics were translated

8
Physics

• Ibn al-Haytham
• -Use of experimentation and instrumentation.
• -He designed a variety of instruments pipes,
  sheets, cylinders, concave and convex mirrors.
• -Studies of optics, reflection, lens, vision.etc

9
What about nowadays??
10
Naguib Mahfouz

• Naguib Mahfouz (Arabic ???? ?????, Nagib Ma?fu?)
  (December 11, 1911 August 30, 2006) was an
  Egyptian novelist who won the 1988 Nobel Prize
  for Literature and who managed to modernize
  Arabic literature. He is regarded as one of the
  first writers of Arabic literature, along with
  Tawfiq al-Hakim, to explore themes of
  existentialism.

11
Ahmed Zewail

• Ahmed Hassan Zewail (Arabic ???? ??? ????) (born
  February 26, 1946 in Damanhur, Egypt) is an
  Egyptian American scientist, and the winner of
  the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on
  femtochemistry.
• Zewail's key work has been as the pioneer of
  femtochemistryi.e. the study of chemical
  reactions across femtoseconds. Using a rapid
  ultrafast laser technique (consisting of
  ultrashort laser flashes), the technique allows
  the description of reactions on very short time
  scales - short enough to analyse transition
  states in selected chemical reactions.
• In 1999, Zewail became the third ethnic Egyptian
  to receive the Nobel Prize, following Anwar Sadat
  (1978 in Peace) and Naguib Mahfouz (1988 in
  Literature). Other international awards include
  the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1993) and the Robert
  A. Welch Award (1997). In 1999, he received
  Egypt's highest state honour, the Grand Collar of
  the Nile.
• Cambridge University awarded him an Honorary
  Doctorate in Science in 2006.

12
Elsayed Elsayed Wagih

• Prof. Elasayed Elsayed Wagih (Ph.D, DIC,
  CIDTTcand.) is an Egyptian Professor of Virology
  and Biotechnology and vice President of the Arab
  Society for Biotechnology.
• He was born in Alexandria, Egypt, on the 21st of
  November, 1946. In 1970, he received a B.Sc. in
  Plant Pathology from University of Alexandria and
  in 1975, he gained an M.Sc. degree in Plant
  Bacterial Diseases from the same university. In
  1981 he reveived a PhD degree in Virology from
  the Imperial College of Science, University of
  London and was awarded in the same year a DIC
  from the Royal College of Science, University of
  London. He has also studied for a CIDTT
  (Cambridge International Diploma for Teatching
  and Training) degree from University of
  Cambridge, United Kingdom.

13
Farouk El-Baz

• Dr. Farouk El-Baz (Arabic ????? ?????) is an
  Egyptian American scientist who worked with NASA
  to assist in the planning of scientific
  exploration of the Moon, including the selection
  of landing sites for the Apollo missions and the
  training of astronauts in lunar observations and
  photography.
• Currently, Dr. El-Baz is Research Professor and
  Director of the Center for Remote Sensing at
  Boston University, Boston MA, U.S.A. He is
  Adjunct Professor of Geology at the Faculty of
  Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. He
  is also a member of the Board of Trustees of the
  Geological Society of America Foundation,
  Boulder, CO, and a member of the U.S. National
  Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC.

14
Moustafa Mosharafa

• Ali Moustafa Mosharafa Pasha (July 11, 1898 -
  January 16, 1950) was an Egyptian physicist who
  was professor of applied mathematics, the Faculty
  of Science at Cairo University. He contributed to
  the development of Relativity theory and
  corresponded with Albert Einstein.
• Einstein said on hearing of his death, "I can not
  believe that Mosharafa is dead, he is alive
  through his researches. We are in need of his
  talents, it is a great loss, he was a genius. I
  used to follow up his researches in atomic
  energy, definitely he is one of the best
  scientists in physics."

15
Sameera Moussa

• Sameera Moussa (Arabic ????? ????) (March 3,
  1917-August 5, 1952) was an Egyptian nuclear
  scientist who held a doctorate in atomic
  radiation and worked to make the medical use of
  nuclear technology affordable to all. She
  organized the Atomic Energy for Peace Conference
  and sponsored a call for setting an international
  conference under the banner "Atom for Peace".

16
Magdi Yacoub

• Sir Magdi Habib Yacoub FRS (born 16 November 1935
  in Belbis, Egypt), is an eminent heart surgeon.
  He was involved in the first UK heart transplant
  in 1980, carried out the first UK live lobe lung
  transplant and went on to perform more
  transplants than any other surgeon in the world.
  A 1980 patient Derrick Morris, was Europe's
  longest surviving heart transplant recipient
  until his death in July 2005.

17

• What about music?

18
Music!!

• Throughout their long history, the Arabs have
  been lovers of music in its various forms,A lot
  of Arabic instrument were adapted by the Western
  world
• 'Oud
• Comes from the Arabic word meaning wood, It has a
  half pear-shaped body with stripes on its shell
  twelve strings (six pairs)
• The 'oud reached Euorpe in the middle age
• In Italy the 'oud became il luto
• In Germany,laute
• In France, le luth
• In England, the lute

19

• Qanoon
• Flat trapezoidal wooden box, with twenty-four
  strings ,first developed in the Arab world during
  the tenth century.
• The Italian name Canone!
• The rabab, spread to Europe under the name rebec.
  it is played vertically, mostly by street
  musicians

20
For more information http//www.alhewar.org/Arab
Civilization.htm