Tissue Engineering

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Tissue Engineering
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• Sandy Lum
• Candidate for M.HSc
• University of Toronto

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What is Tissue Engineering?

• According to the National Science Foundation
• Tissue engineering the application of principles
  and methods of engineering and life sciences
  toward fundamental understanding of
  structure-function relationships in normal and
  pathological mammalian tissues and the
  development of biological substitutes to restore,
  maintain or improve tissue function

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What is Tissue Engineering?

• Inducing the patient's own body to regenerate
  damaged tissue

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What is Tissue Engineering

• Reconstruct and Replace the patients' cells or
  organs with living tissue from patients own
  cells or from other sources

1. Implanting prosthetic devices which
   functionally replace living organs or
   tissues

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The Significance

• Replace palliative solutions for the treatment of
  Tissue and Organ Failure
• End Stage Renal Failure
• Chronic Heart Diseases
• Reconstructive Surgery
• - Esophagus, Trachea, Ear
• Heart valves

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History

• First autologous transplantation of
  reconstructed epidermis for extensively burned
  patient
• 1995 First reconstruction of human ligament
• First culture of human bronchi cells
• 1996 FDA approves Artificial Skin
• 1997 Canada approved Apligraf for treatment of
  venous leg ulcers
• 1998 First construction of a human blood vessel
  without synthetic support
• First construction of skin equivalent with a
  capillary like network
• 1999 Reconstruction of human cornea produced in
  vitro

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Industrial Developments

• Skin2, a living human skin tissue used to test
  household, chemical and pharmaceutical products
  (Stratum Laboratories)
• Artificial Skin for burn patients (Integra Life
  Sciences)
• Dermagraft, dermal cell culture grown on a
  biodegradable scaffold used to treat foot ulcers
  (Advanced Tissue Science)
• Cartilage Graft (BioTissue Labortories)

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Some Current Research

• Human Ear
• Nerve Regeneration

Pancreatic Islet and Liver Cells Heart Valves
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Future

• Identification of new cell types for tissue
  regeneration
• undifferentiated stem cells
• Artificial Organs
• Regeneration tissues
• Nerve regeneration
• Scaffolding finding the optimal material to
  enhance growth

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Challenges
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Challenges

• Is a tissue engineered product a medical device
  or a biological product?

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Challenges

• Safety and efficacy of tissue engineered products
  
• Development of Regulations and Standards
• Inherent hazards and foreseeable misuse of
  medical devices or biological products
• Industry must start to consider,
• Manufacturing
• Storage and Stale dating
• Sterility
• Clinical Feasibility

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Conclusions

• Tissue engineered products are a key in replacing
  palliative medical interventions
• Predictions
• 1-2 years ? Tissue engineered skin
• 3-5 years ? Tissue engineered cartilage
• 5-10 years ? Bioartificial Liver

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Questions?
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References

• 1. Grikscheit TC, Vacanti JP. The history and
  current status of Tissue Engineering The future
  of pediatric surgery. J Pediatr Surg,
  37277-188, 2002
• 2. http//www.fibrogen.com/tissue/
• 3. http//www.biotissue-tec.com/en/products/biosee
  d-c_details.php
• 4. http//www.fmed.ulaval.ca/loex/ExplicationConce
  pt_A.html
• 5. http//www.wmin.ac.uk/cter/whatis.htmtypeno
  21tt3
• 6. http//stemcells.nih.gov/stemcell/scireport.asp
  
• 7. http//www.fda.gov/oia/embslides/biologics2002/
  sld031.htm