CIS 410 Hardware

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CIS 410 Hardware
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HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED

• BIT Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not
• BYTE Group of bits for one character
• EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
  Code (8 bits per byte)
• ASCII- American Standard Code for Information
  Exchange (7 bits per byte)
• PARITY BIT extra bit added to each byte to help
  detect errors

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EXAMPLES OF BYTES
EBCDIC ASCII (assume
even-parity system)

• C 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1
• A 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0
• T 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1
• Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN
  number

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ADDRESSES IN MEMORY
Each location has an ADDRESS
Each location can hold one BYTE
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COMPUTER TIME
PER COMPARED
NAME LENGTH
SECOND TO 1 SECOND

• Millisecond .001 second thousand
  16min 40 sec
• Microsecond .001 millisecond million
  11.6 days
• Nanosecond .001microsecond billion
  31.7 years
• Picosecond .001 nanosecond trillion
  31,700 years

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MEMORY SIZE

• KILOBYTE (KT) 210 bytes... 1024 bytes
• MEGABYTE (MB) 210 KB... million bytes
• GIGABYTE (GB) 210 MB... billion bytes
• TERABYTES (TB) 210 GB... trillion bytes

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TYPES OF MEMORY

• RAM Random Access Memory
• Dynamic Changes thru processing
• Static Remains constant (power on)
• ROM Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)
• PROM Program can be changed once
• EPROM Erasable thru ultraviolet light
• EEPROM Electrically erasable

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT
CONTROL UNIT
ROM
RAM
PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY
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BUSES
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COMPUTER GENERATIONS

• 1. VACUUM TUBES 1946-1956
• 2. TRANSISTORS 1957-1963
• 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 1964-1979
• 4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
  1980-PRESENT

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MICROPROCESSOR

• VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU
• WORD LENGTH BITS PROCESSED AT ONE TIME
• MEGAHERTZ ONE MILLION CYCLES PER SECOND
• DATA BUS WIDTH BITS MOVED BETWEEN CPU OTHER
  DEVICES
• REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC) EMBEDS
  MOST USED INSTRUCTIONS ON CHIP TO ENHANCE SPEED

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CENTRALIZED / DECENTRALIZED

• CENTRALIZED PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE
• ONE STANDARD
• GREATER CONTROL
• DECENTRALIZED PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER
  SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS
• MORE FLEXIBILITY
• FASTER RESPONSE

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DOWNSIZING

• TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO
  SMALL
• REDUCES COST
• SPEEDS RESULTS TO USER
• COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BEST
• COOPERATIVE PROCESSING

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COOPERATIVE PROCESSING
MAINFRAME TASKS MICROCOMPUTER
TASKS File input / output
User interface / screen presentation

• Help screens
• Editing data fields
• Cross-field editing
• Error processing
• Calculations

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SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL PROCESSING
SEQUENTIAL
PARALLEL
RESULT
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DATA STORAGE IN A MICROCOMPUTER
TYPE OF MEMORY
TOTAL STORAGE CAPACITY
ACCESS TIME
PRIMARY STORAGE
REGISTER
1 KILOBYTE
.01 MICROSECONDS
CACHE
1 KILOBYTE
.1 MICROSECONDS
RAM
16 MEGABYTES
.5 MICROSECONDS
SECONDARY STORAGE
HARD DISK
800 MEGABYTES
15 MILLISECONDS
HI-DENSITY DISK
2.8 MEGABYTES
200 MILLISECONDS
OPTICAL DISK
660 MEGABYTES
200-500 MILLISECONDS
MAGNETIC TAPE
40 MEGABYTES
1-2 SECONDS
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SECONDARY STORAGE

• DISK
• TAPE
• OPTICAL STORAGE

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TRACKS AND SECTORS
EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA
TRACKS
START OF TRACKS
SECTOR
DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0
Source Senn, Information Technology in
Business1995
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DISK PACK STORAGE

• LARGE SYSTEMS
• RELIABLE STORAGE
• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA
• QUICK ACCESS RETRIEVABLE
• TYPICAL 11 2-SIDED DISKS
• CYLINDER SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES

READ/WRITE HEADS
CYLINDER 10 TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH
DISK)
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MAGNETIC TAPE

• STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES
• SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH FERROUS OXIDE
  (2400 feet per spool)
• RECORD GROUPS BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records
  per block)
• GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP
• RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME

HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2
BLOCK 3
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MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE

• ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE
• USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS
• INEXPENSIVE
• STORED IN SAFE LOCATION
• CAN BE REUSED

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OPTICAL STORAGE

• CD-ROM 500-660 MEGABYTES
• LAND FLAT PARTS OF DISK SURFACE REFLECTS LIGHT
• PITS SMALL SCRATCH ON SURFACE SCATTERS LIGHT
• WORM WRITE ONCE / READ MANY
• ERASABLE OPTICAL STORAGE (EOS) DISKS

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CIS 410Hardware
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CIS 410Software
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SOFTWARE

• DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER
  OPERATION
• PROGRAM SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTER
• STORED PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGE
• SYSTEM SOFTWARE MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCES
• APPLICATION SOFTWARE SPECIFIC BUSINESS
  APPLICATION

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SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS
ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS
EVENTS LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS INTERPRETERS COMPILE
RS UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS MANAGE
DATA
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
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SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS
ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS
EVENTS LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS INTERPRETERS COMPILE
RS UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS MANAGE
DATA
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
FORTRAN COBOL PL / 1 QBASIC PASCAL C
C FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
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OPERATING SYSTEM

• MANAGES CONTROLS ACTIVITIES
• ALLOCATION ASSIGNMENT
• SCHEDULING
• MONITORING
• SYSTEM RESIDENCE DEVICE SECONDARY STORAGE
  DEVICE STORING OPERATING SYSTEM

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MULTIPROGRAMMING
TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEM
PROGRAM 1
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MULTIPROGRAMMING
TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEM
MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT
PROGRAM 1
PROGRAM 2
PROGRAM 1
PROGRAM 3
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MULTITASKING

• MULTIPROGRAMMING
• ON A
• SINGLE-USER SYSTEM
• SUCH AS A
• MICROCOMPUTER

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VIRTUAL STORAGE

• METHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY
  STORAGE
• PROGRAM DIVIDED INTO
• FIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) OR
• VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS)
• CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGE
• PORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONE

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TIME SHARING

• MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU
• TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g. 2
  MILLISECONDS)
• EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING SLICE
• SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING TIME SLICE
• USERS JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICE

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MULTIPROCESSING

• TWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEM
• PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY
  MULTIPLE CPUs
• CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLY

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LANGUAGE TRANSLATION

• SOURCE CODE HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS
• COMPILER TRANSLATES HIGH-LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE
  LANGUAGE
• OBJECT CODE TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR
  COMPUTER

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TRANSLATION PROCESS
SOURCE CODE PROGRAM
COMPILER
OBJECT CODE
LINKAGE EDITOR
LOAD MODULE
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GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

• OPERATING SYSTEM USES
• GRAPHIC ICONS (Icons, Buttons, Bars, Boxes)
• MOUSE
• TO ISSUE COMMANDS
• MAKE SELECTIONS

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MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
OPERATING SYSTEM
FEATURES
DOS
For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program Memory
640K
Windows 95
32-bit operating system GUI Multitasking.
Networking
Windows NT
32-bit microcomputers workstations. Not
limited to Intel
chips. Multitasking Multiprocessing Networking
OS/2
32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking
Networking
UNIX XENIX
For powerful Microcomputers, Workstations,
Minicomputers.
Multitasking Multi-user Processing Networking.
Portable to
various Computer Platforms
System 7
For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful
Graphics
Multimedia
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HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

• FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). Scientific,
  Engineering applications
• COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language).
  Predominant for Transaction Processing
• BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction
  Code). General Purpose PC Language

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HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

• PL/1 (Programming Language 1). Powerful IBM
  Language for Business Science
• PASCAL. Used to Teach Structured Programming
  Practices. Weak in File Handling, Input / Output
• ADA. Designed for Weapon Systems. Can be used on
  many Platforms. Structured. Can be used for
  Business
• C. Powerful PC Language for Developing
  Applications. Efficient Execution Cross Platform

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LANGUAGES

• LISP (LISt Processor). Began late 50s at MIT.
  Preferred in US. Require Specially Configured
  Machines
• PROLOG. Began in early 70s. Preferred outside
  US. Cross Platform
• Create Meaningful Lists of Symbols (Operations
  Variables Data)

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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)

• CAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERS
• NONPROCEDURAL
• CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLY
• NATURAL LANGUAGES

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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

• COMBINES DATA PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE OBJECT
• PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM
  EMBEDDED PROCEDURE
• OBJECTS DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEM
• CREATES REUSABLE CODE
• REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWARE

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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

• JAVA Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED
  PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
• APPLET TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTION
• APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK
• RUN ON ANY COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEM
• RESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PC
• ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS UPGRADE

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CIS 410Software