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General Psychology: Emotion

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Title: General Psychology: Emotion


1
EmotionChapter 11
William G. Huitt
Last revised May 2005
2
Summary
  • A human being is inherently
  • biological.
  • conditioned by the environment.
  • gathering data about the world through the senses
    and organizing that data

3
What and Why of Emotions
  • A subjective sensation experienced as a type of
    psycho-physiological arousal
  • Result from the interaction of
  • perception of environmental stimuli
  • neural hormonal responses to perceptions
    (feelings)
  • a cognitive appraisal of the situation arousing
    the state
  • an outward expression of the state

4
What is the Value of Emotion?
  • Emotions
  • determine personal viability
  • prepare us for action
  • shape our behavior (emotions are reinforcing)
  • regulate social interaction
  • facilitate communication nonverbally
  • facilitate adult-child relations and thus
    development
  • make life worth living by adding value to
    experience
  • allow us to respond flexibly to our environment
    (approaching good, avoiding bad)

5
What is the Value of Emotion?
  • Emotions
  • largely a conscious phenomena
  • involve more bodily manifestations than other
    conscious states
  • vary along a number of dimensions intensity,
    type, origin, arousal, value, self-regulation,
    etc.
  • are reputed to be antagonists of rationality.
  • have a central place in moral education and moral
    life through conscience, empathy, and many
    specific moral emotions such as shame, guilt, and
    remorse inextrictably linked to moral virtues

See de Sousa, R. (2003). Emotion. The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy at http//plato.stanfor
d.edu/entries/emotion/
6
Theories of Emotions
  • Theories of emotion
  • James-Lange theory of emotion
  • The theory that emotional feelings result when an
    individual becomes aware of a physiological
    response to an emotion-provoking stimulus

7
Theories of Emotions
8
Theories of Emotions
  • Theories of emotion
  • James-Lange theory of emotion
  • The theory that emotional feelings result when an
    individual becomes aware of a physiological
    response to an emotion-provoking stimulus
  • Requires separate and distinct physiological
    activity for each emotion

9
Theories of Emotions
  • Theories of emotion
  • Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
  • The theory that an emotion-provoking stimulus is
    transmitted simultaneously to the cortex,
    providing the feeling of emotion, and to the
    sympathetic nervous system, causing the
    physiological arousal

10
Theories of Emotions
11
Theories of Emotions
  • Theories of emotion
  • Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
  • The theory that an emotion-provoking stimulus is
    transmitted simultaneously to the cortex,
    providing the feeling of emotion, and to the
    sympathetic nervous system, causing the
    physiological arousal
  • Cognitive labeling and action would follow
    consciousness of feeling and physiological arousal

12
Theories of Emotions
  • Theories of emotion
  • Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
  • A two-stage theory stating that for an emotion to
    occur, there must be (1) physiological arousal
    and (2) an explanation for the arousal

13
Theories of Emotions
14
Theories of Emotions
  • Theories of emotion
  • Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
  • A two-stage theory stating that for an emotion to
    occur, there must be (1) physiological arousal
    and (2) an explanation for the arousal
  • Accounts for subjective interpretation
  • Does not account for specific physiological
    states associated with some emotions

15
Theories of Emotions
  • Theories of emotion
  • Lazarus theory of emotion
  • The theory that an emotion-provoking stimulus
    triggers a cognitive appraisal, which is followed
    by the emotion and the physiological arousal
  • Three aspects of appraisal
  • Primary (relevance)
  • Secondary (options)
  • Reappraisal (anything changed)

16
Three Ways to Measure Emotion
  • Body/Physical
  • blood pressure
  • heart rate
  • adrenaline levels
  • muscle activity when smiling, frowning, etc.
  • neural images
  • posture
  • tears,
  • perspiration
  • lie detector readings

17
Three Ways to Measure Emotion
  • Thoughts (observed indirectly through)
  • spoken and written words on rating scales
  • answers to open-ended questions on surveys and
    during interviews
  • responses to projective instruments, sentence
    stems, etc.
  • self-assessments or perceptions regarding the
    behavior and intentions of others
  • other cognitive operations such as
    rational/logical thinking

18
Three Ways to Measure Emotion
  • Behavior
  • facial expressions
  • activity level
  • alertness
  • screaming
  • laughing
  • smiling
  • aggression
  • approach/avoidance
  • attention/distraction
  • insomnia
  • anhedonia

19
Emotion and the Brain
  • Emotion associated with the limbic system
  • The brain structure most closely associated with
    fear is the amygdala
  • When the emotion of fear first materializes, much
    of the brains processing is nonconscious

20
Emotion and the Brain
  • Researchers using electro-encephalographs to
    track mood changes have found that reductions in
    both anxiety and depression are associated with a
    shift in electrical activity from the left to the
    right side of the brain

21
Basic Emotions
  • Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard
  • Insist that there are a limited number of basic
    emotions
  • Basic emotions
  • Emotions that are found in all cultures, that are
    reflected in the same facial expressions across
    cultures, and that emerge in children according
    to their biological timetable
  • Ekman
  • Suggested considering emotions as families
  • The anger family might range from annoyed to
    irritated, angry, livid, and, finally, enraged
  • If perceived as a family, anger should also
    include various forms of its expression

22
Plutchik Three-dimensional Circumplex Model
23
Protypical Behavior
24
Expression of Emotion
  • Range of emotion
  • Ekman and Friesen
  • Claim there are subtle distinctions in the facial
    expression of a single emotion that convey its
    intensity
  • Development of facial expressions
  • Like the motor skills of crawling and walking,
    facial expressions of emotions develop according
    to a biological timetable of maturation
  • Consistency of emotional development across
    individual infants and across cultures supports
    the idea that emotional expression is inborn

25
Expression of Emotion
  • Universality of facial expressions
  • Charles Darwin
  • First to study the relationship between emotions
    and facial expressions
  • Believed that the facial expression of emotion
    was an aid to survival because it enabled people
    to communicate their internal states and react to
    emergencies before they developed language
  • Maintained that most emotions, and the facial
    expressions that convey them, are genetically
    inherited and characteristic of the entire human
    species
  • Concluded that facial expressions were similar
    across cultures

26
Expression of Emotion
  • Universality of facial expressions
  • Scherer and Wallbott
  • Found very extensive overlap in the patterns of
    emotional experiences reported across cultures in
    37 different counties on 5 continents
  • Also found important cultural differences in the
    ways emotions are elicited and regulated and in
    how they are shared socially

27
Expression of Emotion
  • Cultural rules for displaying emotion
  • Display rule
  • Cultural rules that dictate how emotions should
    be expressed and when and where their expression
    is appropriate
  • Often, a societys display rules require people
    to give evidence of certain emotions that they
    may not actually feel or to disguise their true
    feelings
  • Cole
  • Found that 3-year-old girls, when given an
    unattractive gift, smiled nevertheless
  • They had already learned a display rule and
    signaled an emotion they very likely did not feel

28
Expression of Emotion
  • Cultural rules for displaying emotion
  • Davis
  • Found that among first to third graders, girls
    were better able to hide disappointment than boys
    were
  • Not only can emotions be displayed but not felt,
    they can also be felt but not displayed
  • Most of us learn display rules very early and
    abide by them most of the time

29
Experiencing Emotion
  • Facial-feedback hypothesis
  • Sylvan Tomkins
  • Claimed that the facial expression itself that
    is, the movement of the facial muscles producing
    the expression triggers both the physiological
    arousal and the conscious feeling associated with
    the emotion
  • Facial-feedback hypothesis
  • The idea that the muscular movements involved in
    certain facial expressions trigger the
    corresponding emotions

30
Experiencing Emotion
  • Facial-feedback hypothesis
  • Ekman and colleagues
  • Documented the effects of facial expressions on
    physiological indicators of emotion using 16
    participants
  • Reported that a distinctive physiological
    response pattern emerged for the emotions of
    fear, sadness, anger, and disgust, whether the
    participants relived one of their emotional
    experiences or simply made the corresponding
    facial expression
  • Researcher found that both anger and fear
    accelerate heart rate, but fear produces colder
    fingers than does anger

31
Experiencing Emotion
  • Facial-feedback hypothesis
  • Izard
  • Believes that learning to self-regulate emotional
    expression can help in controlling emotions
  • Proposes that this approach to the regulation of
    emotion might be a useful adjunct to
    psychotherapy
  • Gender differences in experiencing emotion
  • David Buss
  • Has reported that women are far more likely to
    feel anger when their partner is sexually
    aggressive
  • Men experience greater anger than women when
    their partner withholds sex

32
Experiencing Emotion
  • Gender differences in experiencing emotion
  • Research by evolutionary psychologists also
    suggests clear and consistent differences between
    the sexes concerning feelings of jealousy
  • Men, more than women, experience jealousy over
    evidence or suspicions of sexual infidelity
  • A women is more likely than a man to be jealous
    of her partners emotional attachment and
    commitment to another and over the attention,
    time, and resources diverted from the relationship

33
Experiencing Emotion
  • Emotion and cognition
  • Emotion allows us to detect risk more quickly
    than we could with rational thought alone
  • It is possible that the anger-optimism link
    arises from confidence, whether justified or not,
    in concrete measures directed towards people who
    are perceived as potentially threatening

34
Fostering Emotional Functioning
  • Emotional understanding
  • discern ones own emotional states
  • discern others emotional states
  • properly use emotional vocabulary.

35
Fostering Emotional Functioning
  • Emotional expression
  • use of gestures to display emotional messages
    nonverbally
  • demonstrate empathy by connecting ones emotions
    to those of others
  • display both self-conscious as well as complex
    social emotions
  • Distinguishing between experiencing an emotion
    and action

36
Fostering Emotional Functioning
  • Emotional regulation and management
  • coping with both pleasurable and
    aversive/distressing emotions
  • regulation of those situations that elicit
    emotions
  • ability to use an experience to strategically
    organize the experience in terms of setting goals
    and learning to motivate oneself and others

37
Triangular Theory of Love
  • Robert Sternbergs theory that three components
    intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment
    singly and in various combinations produce seven
    different kinds of love
  • Liking (I)
  • Infatuated love (P)
  • Empty love (C)
  • Romantic love (I, P)
  • Fatuous love (C, P)
  • Companionate love (C, I)
  • Consummate love (I, C, P)
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