RESPIRATION, CIRCULATION, AND EXCRETION

1
CHAPTER 39

• SECTION 39.1
• RESPIRATION, CIRCULATION, AND EXCRETION

2
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MADE UP OF A PAIR OF LUNGS, A
  SERIES OF PASSAGE WAYS INTO YOUR BODY, AND A THIN
  SHEET OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CALLED THE DIAPHRAGM
• PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (DIAGRAM)
• RESPIRATION ALL THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN
  GETTING OXYGEN TO THE CELLS OF YOUR BODY AND
  GETTING RID OF CARBON DIOXIDE
• PURPOSE OF RESPIRATION IS TO PROVIDE OXYGEN FOR
  CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND REMOVE WASTE CARBON
  DIOXIDE FROM THE BODY

3
PROCESS OF RESPIRATION

• AIR BROUGHT INTO BODY THROUGH NOSTRILS (NOSE) OR
  MOUTH
• AIR PASSES THROUGH NASAL CAVITY (SINUS), PHARYNX
  (THROAT), MOVES TO EPIGLOTTIS, AND PASSES THROUGH
  LARYNX (VOICE BOX / ADAMS APPLE)
• AIR THEN TRAVELS DOWN TRACHEA INTO LUNGS
• TRACHEA DIVIDES INTO TWO NARROWER TUBES CALLED
  BRONCHI
• EACH BRONCHI BRANCH INTO MANY SMALLER TUBES
  CALLED BRONCHIOLE
• BRONCHIOLE EXPAND INTO THOUSANDS OF THIN-WALLED
  SACS CALLED ALVEOLI

4
(No Transcript)
5
CLEANING DIRTY AIR

• AIR WE BREATH IS FULL OF TINY PARTICLES (DUST,
  POLLEN, MOLD, DIRT, AIR POLLUTION)
• TRACHEA AND BRONCHI ARE LINED WITH TINY HAIR-LIKE
  CELLS CALLED CILIA AND MUCUS SECRETING CELLS
• PARTICLES TRAPED IN MUCUS AND CILIA BEAT UPWARD
  IN DIRECTION OF THROAT WHERE MATERIAL CAN BE
  EXPELLED OR SWALLOWED

6
ALVEOLI

• AREA WHERE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE ARE
  EXCHANGED BY DIFFUSION BETWEEN AIR AND BLOOD
• DIFFUSION TAKES PLACE EASILY BECAUSE WALLS OF
  ALVEOLI ARE ONLY ONE CELL THICK
• OXYGEN ENTERS BLOOD AT ALVEOLI
• CARBON DIOXIDE LEAVES BLOOD AT ALVEOLI TO BE
  EXHALED

7
BLOOD TRANSPORT OF GASES

• ONCE OXYGEN FROM AIR DIFFUSES INTO BLOOD VESSELS
  SURROUNDING ALVEOLI, IT IS TRANSPORTED TO THE
  CELLS OF THE BODY FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• BLOOD FROM ALVEOLI IS HIGH IN OXYGEN AND LOW IN
  CARBON DIOXIDE
• BLOOD FROM CELLS IS HIGH IN CARBON DIOXIDE AND
  LOW IN OXYGEN

8
MECHANICS OF BREATHING

• ACTION OF DIAPHRAGM AND MUSCLES BETWEEN RIBS
  ENABLES US TO BREATH IN AND OUT
• AIR FORCED IN AND OUT OF LUNGS AS A RESULT OF THE
  DIAPHRAGMS POSITION
• DIAGRAM BREATHING IN OUT
• ALVEOLI IN HEALTHY LUNGS ARE ELASTIC LIKE
  BALLOONS, STRETCH AS YOU INHALE, AND RETURN TO
  ORIGINAL SIZE WHEN YOU EXHALE
• ALVEOLI NEVER COMPLETELY DEFLATED, ALWAYS HAVE
  SOME AIR IN THEM

9
(No Transcript)
10
CONTROL OF RESPIRATION

• BREATHING IS AN INVOLUNTARY PROCESS CONTROLLED
  BY THE CHEMISTRY OF THE BLOOD AS IT INTERACTS
  WITH PART OF THE BRAIN CALLED THE MEDULLA
  OBLONGATA
• MEDULLA OBLONGOTA HELPS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS,
  RESPONDS TO HIGHER LEVELS OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN
  BODY BY SENDING NERVE SIGNALS TO THE RIB MUSCLES
  AND DIAPHRAGM TO CONTRACT (AND YOU INHALE)
• DURING EXERCISE, BREATHING INCREASES FOR A MORE
  RAPID EXCHANGE BETWEEN AIR AND BLOOD
• TEST 39.1 !!!!!

11
(No Transcript)
12
SECTION 39.2THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• BLOOD IS A TISSUE COMPOSED OF FLUID, CELLS AND
  FRAGMENTS OF CELLS
• HUMAN BODY CONTAINS ABOUT 5 L OF BLOOD
• FLUID PORTION OF BLOOD CALLED PLASMA
• gtgtMOSTLY WATER AND NUTRIENTS
• gtgtPORTION OF BLOOD IN WHICH
• BLOOD CELLS MOVE
• gtgtLIGHT YELLOW IN COLOR
• gtgtMAKES UP 55 OF BLOODS TOTAL
• VOLUME
• gtgtBLOOD CELLS (BOTH RED WHITE) AND
• CELL FRAGMENTS SUSPENDED IN PLASMA

13
(No Transcript)
14
RED BLOOD CELLS

• ROUND, DISKED-SHAPED CELLS
• CARRY OXYGEN TO BODY CELLS
• MAKE UP 44 OF BLOODS TOTAL VOLUME
• PRODUCED IN RED BONE MARROW OF RIBS, HUMERUS,
  FEMUR STERNUM
• RED BLOOD CELLS HAVE A LIFE SPAN OF 120 DAYS
• OLD RED BLOOD CELLS ARE DESTROYED IN LIVER,
  SPLEEN LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

15
OXYGEN IN THE BLOOD

• RED BLOOD CELLS EQUIPPED WITH IRON-CONTAINING
  PROTEIN MOLECULE CALLED HEMOGLOBIN (MAKES BLOOD
  RED IN COLOR)
• gtgtPICKS UP OXYGEN AFTER IT
• ENTERS THE LUNGS
• gtgtOXYGEN LOOSELY ATTACHED TO
• HEMOGLOBIN CARRIED TO CELLS
• gtgtAS BLOOD PASSES TISSUES WHERE
• OXYGEN CONCENTERATION IS LOW,
• OXYGEN ATTACHED TO HEMOGLOBIN IN
• RED BLOOD CELLS IS RELEASED
• DIFFUSES INTO TISSUES

16
CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE BLOOD

• HEMOGLOBIN CARRIES SOME CARBON DIOXIDE AS WELL AS
  OXYGEN
• CARBON DIOXIDE IS A WASTE FROM CELLULAR
  RESPIRATION, IT DIFFUSES FROM CELLS INTO BLOOD
  AND IS CARRIED IN THE BLOOD TO THE LUNGS FOR
  REMOVAL (EXHALATION)
• 70 OF CARBON DIOXIDE FOUND IN BLOOD PLASMA,
  COMBINES WITH WATER SODIUM IN BLOOD PLASMA TO
  FORM SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
• OTHER 30 OF CARBON DIOXIDE TRAVELS BACK TO LUNGS
  ATTACHED TO HEMOGLOBIN

17
WHITE BLOOD CELLS

• MAKE UP ONLY 1 OF BLOODS TOTAL VOLUME
• PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN PROTECTING BODY FROM FOREIGN
  SUBSTANCES ORGANISMS THAT CAUSE DISEASE (PART
  OF IMMUNE SYSTEM)
• HAVE A LIFE SPAN OF 80 DAYS

18
BLOOD CLOTTING

• BLOOD ALSO CONTAINS SOME CELL FRAGMENTS CALLED
  PLATELETS
• HELP BLOOD CLOT AFTER INJURY
• gtgtPRODUCES PROTEIN CALLED FIBRINOGEN
• gtgtFORMS STICKY NETWORK OF
• PROTEIN FIBERS CALLED FIBRIN
• gtgtFIBRIN FORMS WEB OF FIBERS
• OVER WOUND, TRAPPING
• ESCAPINGBLOOD CELLS
• gtgtFIBRIN EVENTUALLY DRIES TO FORM A
• SCAB

19
BLOOD TYPES

• THERE ARE 4 HUMAN BLOOD TYPES
• 1. BLOOD TYPE A
• 2. BLOOD TYPE B
• 3. BLOOD TYPE AB
• 4. BLOOD TYPE O
• YOU INHERITED YOUR BLOOD TYPE FROM ONE OF YOUR
  PARENTS
• WHEN EVER A LARGE AMOUNT OF BLOOD IS LOST, A
  BLOOD TRANFUSION MAY BE NECESSARY
• MIXING DIFFERENT BLOOD TYPES CAN BE DANGEROUS

20
ANTIGENS IN BLOOD

• DIFFERENCES IN BLOOD TYPE ARE DUE TO THE PRESENCE
  OR ABSENCE OF PROTEINS CALLED ANTIGENS
• ANTIGENS FOUND ON THE MEMBRANES OF RED BLOOD
  CELLS
• ANTIGENS STIMULATE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE IN BLOOD
  TO THE PRESENCE OF FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE
  BLOOD
• gtgtFOREIGN SUBSTANCE DESTROYED BY
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS ANTIBODIES

21
ANTIBODIES

• BLOOD PLASMA ALSO CONTAINS PROTEINS CALLED
  ANTIBODIES
• ANTIBODIES CAUSE FOREIGN SUBSTANCES TO CLUMP
  TOGETHER SO WHITE BLOOD CELLS CAN MORE EASILY
  DESTROY THEM
• EACH BLOOD TYPE HAS A SPECIFIC ANTIBODIE TYPE
  gtPREVENTS CERTAIN BLOOD TYPES FROM
• MIXING, CAUSES SOME TO CLUMP AND
• FORM DANGEROUS BLOOD CLOTS IN
• BLOOD VESSELS PREVENTING
• CIRCULATION

22
Rh FACTOR IN BLOOD

• BLOOD PLASMA ALSO CONTAINS AN ANTIGEN CALLED A
  RHESUS FACTOR OR Rh FACTOR
• Rh FACTOR INHERITED FROM PARENTS
• Rh FACTOR NOT PRESENT IN ALL BLOOD TYPES
• 1. Rh FACTOR NOT PRESENT
• 2. Rh FACTOR PRESENT
• MIXING OF FACTOR WITH BLOOD THAT IS MISSING THE
  FACTOR ALSO DANGEROUS, CAUSES IMMUNE RESPONSE
• CAN CREATE PROBLEMS IN PREGNANCY IF MOTHER AND
  BABY ARE DIFFERENT, BUT DOCTORS CAN TREAT IF
  DETECTED NORMAL PREGNANCIES CAN OCCUR

23
BLOOD VESSELS

• BLOOD TRAVELS THROUGHOUT THE BODY WITHIN BLOOD
  VESSELS
• THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
• 1. ARTERIES
• 2. CAPILLARIES
• 3. VEINS

24
ARTERIES

• LARGE THICK-WALLED, MUSCULAR, ELASTIC VESSELS
• CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART
• BLOOD UNDER HIGH PRESSURE IN ARTERIES
• gtgtELASTIC / MUSCULAR WALLS OF ARTERIES
• EXPAND AND CONTRACT TO CONSTANTLY
• KEEP PUSHING THE BLOOD ALONG VESSEL
  
• ONCE IT LEAVES THE HEART

25

• ARTERIES BRANCH OFF FROM THE HEART AND DIVIDE
  INTO SMALLER ARTERIES CALLED ARTERIOLES

26
CAPILLARIES

• ARTERIOLES ENTER TISSUES AND BRANCH INTO THE
  SMALLEST BLOOD VESSELS CALLED CAPILLARIES
• CAPILLARIES ARE MICROSCOPIC BLOOD VESSELS WITH
  WALLS ONLY ONE CELL THICK (ALLOWS NUTRIENTS
  GASES TO DIFFUSE EASILY BETWEEN BLOOD AND
  TISSUES)

27
VEINS

• AS BLOOD LEAVES TISSUES, CAPILLARIES JOIN TO FORM
  SLIGHTLY LARGER VESSELS CALLED VENULES
• VENULES ARE MICROSCOPIC VEINS
• VENULES MERGE TO FORM VEINS
• gtgtLARGE BLOOD VESSELS THAT
• CARRY BLOOD FROM TISSUES BACK
• TOWARD THE HEART
• gtgtTHIN, MUSCULAR, ELASTIC WALLS
• BLOOD IN VEINS NOT UNDER HIGH PRESSURE, USES
  SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ONE-WAY VALVES TO PUSH BLOOD
  BACK TO HEART

28
(No Transcript)
29
THE HEART

• HEART BEGINS MOVEMENT OF BLOOD THROUGH BLOOD
  VESSELS
• BLOOD VESSELS THEMSELVES KEEP BLOOD MOVING
  THROUGHOUT THE BODY
• HEART IS A LARGE MUSCULAR ORGAN MADE OF CARDIAC
  MUSCLE (only found in heart)
• HUMAN HEART HAS 4 CHAMBERS
• gtgt2 UPPER CHAMBERS CALLED ATRIA / ATRIUM
• gtgt2 LOWER CHAMBERS CALLED VENTRICLES

30

• WALLS OF THE ATRIUM ARE THINNER LESS MUSCULAR
  THAN THOSE OF THE VENTRICLES
• gtgtATRIUM PUMP BLOOD TO THE
• VENTRICLES ONLY
• gtgtVENTRICLES PUMP BLOOD
• THROUGHOUT BODY AND TO LUNGS
• gtgtHEART DIAGRAM / HANDOUT

31
(No Transcript)
32
BLOODS PATHWAY THROUGH HEART

• BLOOD ENTERS HEART THROUGH ATRIA AND LEAVES IT
  THROUGH THE VENTRICLES
• BOTH ATRIA FILL WITH BLOOD AT THE SAME TIME
• RIGHT ATRIUM RECIEVES OXYGEN POOR-BLOOD FROM THE
  HEAD AND BODY THROUGH 2 LARGE VEINS CALLED VENA
  CAVA
• LEFT ATRIUM RECIEVES OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD FROM THE
  LUNGS THROUGH 4 PULMONARY VEINS (ONLY VEINS TO
  CARRY BLOOD RICH IN OXYGEN)

33

• AFTER ATRIUMS FILL WITH BLOOD, THEY CONTRACT
  PUSHING BLOOD DOWN INTO THE 2 VENTRICLES
• THEN, BOTH VENTRICLES CONTRACT
• gtgtRIGHT VENTRICLE PUSHES
• OXYGEN-POOR BLOOD TOWARD
• LUNGS ( ONLY ARTERIES TO CARRY
• BLOOD POOR IN OXYGEN)
• gtgtLEFT VENTRICLE PUSHES OXYGEN-RICH
• BLOOD OUT OF HEART THROUGH AORTA
• (LARGEST BLOOD VESSEL IN BODY)

34
(No Transcript)
35
HEARTBEAT REGULATION

• EACH TIME HEART BEATS, A SURGE OF BLOOD FLOWS
  FROM LEFT VENTRICLE INTO THE AORTA AND THEN INTO
  THE ARTERIES
• gtgtSURGE OF BLOOD FELT AS PULSE
• HEART BEAT IS CAUSED BY THE SINOATRIAL NODE , A
  GROUP OF NERVE CELLS AT TOP OF ATRIUM
• gtgtSENDS SIGNALS TO BOTH ATRIUM,
• SIGNALS BOTH ATRIUM TO CONTRACT
• TOGETHER

36

• gtgtALSO SENDS SIGNALS TO
• ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE ,GROUP OF
• CELLS AT BASE OF RIGHT ATRIUM TO
• SEND A SIGNAL TO BOTH
• VENTRICLES TO CONTRACT
• THE PATTERN OF A HEARTBEAT CAN BE MEASURED
  
• BY A MACHINE CALLED AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
• (EKG)
• gtgtUSED IN DIAGNOSING ABNORMAL HEART
• RHYTHMS OR PATTERNS

37
CONTROL OF THE HEART

• THE SINOATRIAL NODE AND THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE
  CONTROL THE HEART BEAT
• THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA IN THE BRAIN REGULATES THE
  RATE OR SPEED OF THE HEART BEAT
• HEART BEAT INCREASES WITH ACTIVITY AND SLOWS WITH
  A DECREASE IN ACTIVITY

38
BLOOD PRESSURE

• A PULSE BEAT REPRESENTS THE PRESSURE THAT BLOOD
  EXERTS AS IT PUSHES AGAINST THE WALLS OF AN
  ARTERY
• BLOOD PRESSURE IS THE FORCE THAT BLOOD EXERTS ON
  THE BLOOD VESSELS OF THE BODY
• BLOOD PRESSURE RISES AND FALLS AS THE HEART
  CONTRACTS AND RELAXES
• BLOOD PRESSURE RISES WHEN VENTRICLES CONTRACT,
  CALLED SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
• BLOOD PRESSURE DROPS AS VENTRICLES RELAX, CALLED
  DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
• TEST 39.2 !!!!!!!

39
SECTION 39.3THE URINARY SYSTEM
40
THE URINARY SYSTEM

• THE URINARY SYSTEM, ALSO CALLED THE EXCRETORY
  SYSTEM MADE UP OF 2 KIDNEYS, A PAIR OF URETERS,
  THE URINARY BLADDER AND THE URETHRA
• KIDNEYS FILTER BLOOD AND REMOVE ITS WASTES,
  MAINTAINING THE HOMEOSTASIS OF BODY FLUIDS
• EACH KIDNEY CONNECTED TO A TUBE CALLED A URETER,
  WHICH LEADS TO THE URINARY BLADDER
• URINARY BLADDER IS A SMOOTH MUSCULAR BAG THAT
  STORES A SOLUTION OF WASTES CALLED URINE

41
(No Transcript)
42
STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY

• EACH KIDNEY RECIEVES BLOOD THROUGH THE RENAL
  ARTERYAND LEAVES BY THE RENAL VEIN
• BLOOD IS FILTERED IN THE KIDNEYS BY TINY
  FILTERING UNITS CALLED NEPHRONS
• NEPHRONS REMOVE IMPURITIES AND WASTES FROM THE
  BLOOD AS IT PASSES THROUGH THE KIDNEYS
• EACH KIDNEY CONTAINS ABOUT 1 MILLION NEPHRONS

43
NEPHRONS

• BLOOD ENTERING A NEPHRON CARRIES WASTES AND IS
  UNDER HIGH PRESSURE
• EACH NEPHRON CONTAINS A NETWORK OF CAPILLARIES
  SURROUNDING A COILED TUBULE WHICH LEADS TO THE
  URETER
• AS BLOOD ENTERS THE NEPHRON, A COLLECTION OF
  CAPILLARIES CALLED THE GLOMERULUS , DIRECT THE
  BLOOD INTO A PART OF THE NEPHRON CALLED THE
  BOWMANS CAPSULE

44

• WATER, GLUCOSE, VITAMINS, AMINO ACIDS, WASTE
  PRODUCTS AND SALTS PASS FROM BLOOD OUT OF
  CAPILLARIES INTO BOWMANS CAPSULE AND INTO THE
  TUBULE
• BLOOD CELLS AND MOST PROTEINS ARE TO LARGE TO
  PASS THROUGH THE WALLS OF CAPILLARIES INTO
  BOWMANS CAPSULE SO THEY STAY WITHIN THE BLOOD
  VESSELS
• CAPILLARIES SURROUND THE TUBULE AND REABSORB THE
  WATER, GLUCOSE, AND AMINO ACIDS BACK INTO THE
  BLOOD STREAM

45

• EXCESS WATER, SALTS AND WASTES STAY IN TUBULE AND
  MOVE TO URETERS
• EXCESS SALT, WATER AND WASTES CALLED URINE
• YOU PRODUCE ABOUT 2 LITERS OF URINE A DAY
• URINE FLOWS FROM THE NEPHRONS THROUGH THE URETERS
  TO THE URINARY BLADDER WHERE IT IS STORED
• URINE PASSES FROM THE THE URINARY BLADDER OUT OF
  THE BODY THROUGH A TUBE CALLED THE URETHRA

46
(No Transcript)
47
THE URINARY SYSTEM HOMEOSTASIS

• THE MAJOR WASTE PRODUCT OF THE CELLS IS
  NITROGENOUS WASTE WHICH COMES FROM THE
  BREAKDOWN AND SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS
• NITROGENOUS WASTES INCLUDE AMMONIA UREA
• AMMONIA UREA ARE TOXIC TO THE BODY AND MUST BE
  REMOVED
• KIDNEYS ALSO CONTROL AMOUNT OF SODIUM IN BLOOD.
  SODIUM REGULATES BODY FLUIDS AND NERVE IMPULSES
• KIDNEYS ALSO HELP REGULATE THE Ph OF THE BLOOD.
  KEEP IT FROM BECOMING DANGEROUSLY ACIDIC.

48

• PARATHYROID GLANDS (ON THYROID GLAND)PRODUCE A
  HORMONE WHICH CAUSES THE KIDNEYS TO ABSORB
  CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM FROM URINE IF NEEDED BY THE
  BODY

49
URINE REGULATION

• SMALL AREA OF BRAIN CALLED THE HYPOTHALAMUS
  INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF WASTES IN THE
  KIDNEYS
• HYPOTHALAMUS PRODUCES A HORMONE CALLED
  ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

50

• ADH CONTROLS HOMEOSTASIS ACTIVITIES
• gtgtSTIMULATES REABSORPTION OF WATER IN
• NEPHRON IF NEEDED BY BODY
• gtgtKEEPS BOTH THE FLUID LEVELS OF THE
• BODY AND BLOOD PRESSURE BALANCED
• EX. DRINK MORE WATER LESS ADH MORE
• URINE PRODUCED / ELIMINATED
• EX. DRINK LESS WATER MORE ADH LESS
• URINE PRODUCED / ELIMINATED
• TEST 39.3 !!!!!!!!!!