Radio Frequency Identification

1
Radio Frequency Identification

• Team 5 Technical Lecture
• Julianne Early-Meehan
• Jennifer Ash
• Brian Thomas
• Robert Ficano
• Benjamin Brown

2
An Introduction What Is RFID

• Radio Frequency IDentification
• Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)
• Remote storing and retrieving of data
• 3 Components
• Antenna
• Transceiver
• Transponder

3
The History Of RFID Technology

• 1906 Alexandersons demonstration of the first
  continuous wave (CW) radio generation and
  transmission
• 1922 - Birth Of Radar
• Used with IFF in WWII
• RFID - combination of radio broadcast technology
  and radar

4
The History Of RFID Technology

• 1960s Commercial Activities Beginning
• Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) (1966)
• 1-bit tags for detecting the presence/absence
• 1970s Companies/Institution developing RFID
  technology
• Mario Cardullo patent for Passive RFID
• RFID research released to public
• Intended Applications
• Animal Tracking
• Vehicle Tracking
• Factory Automation

5
The History Of RFID Technology

• 1980s Full Implementation Of RFID
• Toll Roads (Norway Toll Collection )
• Personnel Access
• Animal Tracking (To a lesser extent)
• 1990s
• All US Railcars RFID Enabled
• MIT Auto-ID Center Founded
• Development of TI TIRIS system (TI-RFid )
• Control for starting engines in automobiles
• Electronic toll collection, parking lot access,
  fare collection, gated community access, campus
  access

6
Basic Overview of RF

• Many People Compare To Sound Waves
• Not True
• Part Of Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Longest Wavelength? Smallest Frequency
• 3 kHz to 300 GHz Range
• Travels Speed Of Light

7
RFID Regulations

• FCC assigns small sections for specific use
• Operates Under Authorization for FCC Part 15
• Does Not Require a License
• Regulate Use
• Bands Specifically For RFID
• 125 kHz
• 13.56 MHz
• 433 MHz
• 902 to 928 MHz
• 2.45 GHz

8
International RFID Frequency

• Europe 865-868 MHz
• Japan 950-956 MHz
• Peoples Republic Of China 917-922 MHz
• Hong Kong China 865-868 MHz 920-925 MHz
• Taiwan 922-928 MHz

9
Tag Frequencies

• Ultra High Frequency (UHF)
• 915 MHz
• Long Range Applications (Supply Chain)
• High Frequency (HF)
• 13.56 MHz
• Short Range Applications (Security Doors or
  Books)
• Active Tags
• Operate 433.92 MHz
• 2.4 GHz Wakeup/Interrogation
• 10.525 GHz For Motion Sensor

10
Theory Behind Radio Frequency

• Need Two Things For Radio Connection
• 1. Bridge/Router
• 2. Transceiver
• Transmitter End
• Current Through Antenna Inducing Magnetic Field
• Modulate Electric Signal
• Oscillates At Particular Frequency
• Beams To Passive Antenna

11
Theory Behind Radio Frequency

• Receiver End
• Oscillating Radio Waves Pass Over Antenna
• Induce A Magnetic Field
• Demodulate Signal To Normal Frequency
• Induced Current Through Antenna
• Send Information Through Bridge/Router

12
Theory Behind Radio Frequency
13
Wal-Mart Example

• 2003 First announced
• Mandated that top 100 suppliers use RFID by 2005
• 2004 First trial in April
• Currently in over 1,000 stores
• Some Setbacks

14
Wal-Marts System

• Cases and pallets have a passive tag
• Tag emits a product ID code when passed by a
  reader
• Readers installed in dock doors of stores and
  distribution centers
• Information sent to database when product arrives
• Out of stock items can be replaced 3 times faster

15
RFID Tags

• RFID Tags Transponders
• Tag Components
• IC
• Antenna
• Protective Layer

16
How It Works

• Typical RFID Passive System
• IC with antenna (reader)
• Antenna passes information
• Tag antenna uses magnetic field to energize its
  circuit (dB/dt I) through a capacitor
• Near field magnetic
• Far field RF

17
RFID Tags

• Common Types
• Passive
• Active
• Semi-Passive
• Read Only
• WORM
• Read/Write
• Imbedded Sensors

18
Specific Implementations

• Frequency of operation
• Transmission medium
• Desired range
• Power requirements
• Packaging constraints
• Size/weight
• Environmental conditions
• Other
• Security concerns (encryption, modulation, etc.)
• Data requirements (capacity, need for future
  modification, etc.)

19
Animal/Human RFID Implants

• Operational range from 125 kHz 134 kHz
• Low power requirements
• Package must be small in size
• Robust to conditions within the body (ex.
  corrosion)
• Varying data requirements
• AVID Microchip stores a 9-10 digit unique
  identifier
• Other

20
US E-Passport

• Operational frequency of 13.56MHz - Proximity
  card
• RFID tag is embedded within the information page
• Contains contact information, and a digital image
• 64KB of data storage, for future additional
  information
• EU E-passports also contain fingerprint data

21
RFID Common Standards

• ISO 14223/1 (125kHz-134kHz) implantable devices
• ISO 14443 (13.56MHz) Proximity Cards,
  passports, ID cards
• ISO 15693 (13.56MHz) Vicinity Cards,
  contact-less payment, WIMS RFID reader
• ISO 18000-7 (433MHz) standard for USDOD and
  NATO applications
• ISO 18185 (433MHz, 2.4GHz) industry standard
  for cargo and container tracking
• EPCglobal Electronic Product Code

22
Future Uses Of RFID

• Chipless RFID
• Printed Directly on product/packaging material
• Cost as little as 0.1 cent
• Projected to be 50 of all RFID tags by 2016
• Several methods being tested

23
Options for Chipless Tags

• Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW)
• Signal reflected by piezoelectric crystal
  substrate
• Good range and tolerance for interference, but
  crystal is brittle
• Thin Film Transistors (TFT)
• Type of FET, currently used for LCD
• Organic TFTs being considered
• Common frequency, but cost is still high
• Printed Conductive Ink Stripes
• Potentially the lowest cost
• Small range, large footprint

24
Replacing Barcodes

• Ultimate goal of Wal-Mart and other stores
• As cost goes down, tags can be placed on
  individual products
• Item scanned as soon as they are placed in the
  cart

25
Animals, Food, and Farming

• Will become the largest RFID market
• Tags put directly in livestock or on food
• Can prevent waste and spread of infection
• In animals, will provide registration, proof of
  vaccination, rapid response to disease
  outbreaks

26
More Uses

• Document Tracking
• Very small tags embedded in paper
• Medical
• SurgiChip
• Intended to prevent surgical errors
• Implantable Chips
• Patient identification
• Privacy concerns

27
Questions ?
28
References

• RFID Pic http//www.twinsystems.com.my/twin/image
  s/poster(RFID).jpg
• Car RFID http//www.pratea.com.ar/images/rfid/RFI
  D20CAR20PASE.jpg
• http//www.ftc.gov/bcp/workshops/rfid/engels.pdf
• Fessenden-Alexanderson HF Alternator Pic
  http//images.google.com/imgres?imgurlhttp//www.
  ewh.ieee.org/reg/7/millennium/radio/radio_hfcompar
  ison.jpgimgrefurlhttp//www.ewh.ieee.org/reg/7/m
  illennium/radio/radio_radioscientist.htmlh549w
  328sz78hlenstart1sig2GZh-YlxpfLXW8RDcEzOcN
  gum1tbnidNa8K8u-9tV1kvMtbnh133tbnw79eiE
  Pk6R7-eCrLgiwH36vH5BQprev/images3Fq3D19062B2
  5E2258025932BAlexanderson25E225802599s2Bdem
  onstration2Bof2Bthe2Bfirst2Bcontinuous2Bwave
  2Bradio2Bgeneration2Band2Btransmission26svnum
  3D1026um3D126hl3Den26client3Dfirefox-a26rls
  3Dorg.mozillaen-USofficial26sa3DG
• Electromagnetic Spectrum Pic http//images.google
  .com/imgres?imgurlhttp//www.andor.com/image_lib/
  lores/introduction/introduction2520(light)/intlig
  ht252012520small.jpgimgrefurlhttp//www.andor.
  com/library/light/h308w570sz148hlenstart
  6sig290NLczecSeXynMWZp_r0LgtbnidFuGLJE6n2EoKKM
  tbnh72tbnw134eixKQ4R9HPC5KKiQHqjvSuDgprev
  /images3Fq3Delectromagnetic2Bspectrum26gbv3D2
  26svnum3D1026hl3Den26sa3DG
• Frequency Pic http//images.google.com/imgres?img
  urlhttp//images.odeo.com/6/9/9/FrequencyArtwork.
  jpgimgrefurlhttp//odeo.com/tag/frequencyh300
  w300sz9hlenstart1sig2AuVllKaNLs1SC3L2Rye5
  IwtbnidnOzQCsH56rxmoMtbnh116tbnw116eirMg4
  R6C2OojEiQGpjuRRprev/images3Fq3Dfrequency26gb
  v3D226svnum3D1026hl3Den26sa3DG

29
References Continued

• FCC Logo http//images.google.com/imgres?imgurlh
  ttp//library.wustl.edu/units/westcampus/govdocs/s
  udocs/ca-cz/fcc.gifimgrefurlhttp//library.wustl
  .edu/units/westcampus/govdocs/sudocs/ca-cz/fcc.htm
  lh711w704sz10hlenstart3sig2ShE9s797hbH
  WGwkIDQ3S7QtbnidNdDrbv-gvKuctMtbnh140tbnw13
  9eih8g4R-3SMZfKiQGKzfHuCQprev/images3Fq3Dfcc
  26gbv3D226svnum3D1026hl3Den26sa3DG
• RFID Diagram Pic http//images.google.com/imgres?
  imgurlhttp//www.radiantwave.com/Images/rfidImage
  s/rfid_chart.jpgimgrefurlhttp//www.radiantwave.
  com/rfid_how.htmh294w388sz66hlenstart17
  sig28il1PyhGsXC5LTnIMouAewtbnidwL3gEcZhfJqbVM
  tbnh93tbnw123eiH884R93-K4uaiQHP0-DYCQprev/i
  mages3Fq3Dactive2BRFID2Btag26gbv3D226svnum
  3D1026hl3Den26sa3DG
• RFID Tag In Diagram Pic http//www.wirelesstechch
  at.com/wp-content/uploads/rfid_tag.jpg
• http//www.bbwexchange.com/turnkey/howrfworks_page
  _3.asp
• http//www.webopedia.com/TERM/R/RF.html
• http//www.eis.army.mil/AIT/Technology/faqs.asp
• http//www.rfid.averydennison.com/us/rfid_faq.php?
  cat2
• RFID Tag Pic http//www.aimglobal.org/technologie
  s/eas/
• Diagram Pic http//www.siliconchip.com.au/cms/A_3
  0750/article.html
• Quick Ship Pic http//www.pinktentacle.com/2007/0
  2/hitachi-develops-rfid-powder/
• Thumb Pic http//www.webermarking.com/html/smartl
  abels.html

30
References Continued

• http//glossary.ippaper.com/default.asp?reqknowle
  dge/article/489
• http//electronics.howstuffworks.com/smart-label1.
  htm
• http//www.idtechex.com/products/en/articles/00000
  041.asp
• http//www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News
  .asp?NewsNum939
• http//www.acmqueue.com/modules.php?nameContentp
  ashowpagepid216page2
• Medical Pic http//www.surgichip.com/
• Wal-Mart Pic http//www.nwfpa.org/eweb/DynamicPa
  ge.aspx?webcodelanding2wps_key30ed8670
  -02ed-45b4-909a-01aaec46fe6fSiteNWFPA
• Implant Pic image reference - http//mail.avidid.
  com/web/index.htm
• http//www.primidi.com/2004/11/20.htmla1030
• http//www.idtechex.com/products/en/articles/00000
  435.asp
• Question Mark Pic http//webs.wichita.edu/depttoo
  ls/depttoolsmemberfiles/accomp/question_mark20(Wi
  nCE).jpg