Environmental Endocrine Disruption Effects Assessment

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Environmental Endocrine Disruption Effects
Assessment In San Francisco Bay Fishes Shiner
Surfperch Pacific Staghorn Sculpin
Kevin Kelley, Jesus Reyes, Rusty Fairey, Zed
Mason, Cathy Propper, Juli Kalman
Environmental Endocrinology Laboratory Institute
for Integrated Research on Materials, Environment
Society (IIRMES) Center for Education in
Proteomics Analysis (CEPA) Marine Biology
Program, Dept of Biological Sciences, Calif. St.
Univ. Long Beach Moss Landing Marine Laboratories
Northern Arizona University
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. . . measures of endocrine disruption are
increasingly used as sensitive bioindicators for
water/environmental quality and specific
contaminant effects
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are
present in marine and estuarine
environments, particularly along highly populated
coastal regions SF Bay Estuary
http//toxics.usgs.gov/photo_gallery/sanfran.html
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STUDY OBJECTIVES
1- determine incidence and magnitude of endocrine
disruption in wild fishes, emphasizing
assessment of endocrine systems regulating stress
responses, growth repair, thyroid reproduction
2- determine whether spatial differences can be
established between different SF Bay locations,
with respect to endocrine disrupted condition(s)
3- determine liver contaminant concentrations in
individuals, to identify correlations between
specific contaminants and type(s) of endocrine
disruption in fish sampled from
different SF Bay locations
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pelagic
benthic
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2006 Field Sites
pilot year
San Pablo Bay
Berkeley Waterfront
Oakland Inner Harbor
Redwood City
far-field reference Tomales Bay
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Far Field Sites
Bodega Bay
Tomales Bay
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S U M M A R Y
Endocrine DisruptionSF Bay Fish
San Pablo Bay
Berkeley Waterfront
Redwood City
Tomales Bay
Oakland Inner Harbor
Cortisol/HPI Axis


Shiner Perch

Pacific Staghorn Sculpin

Thyroxine/HPT Axis

Shiner Perch



Pacific Staghorn Sculpin
IGF-I/Growth Axis
Shiner Perch
?
?
Pacific Staghorn Sculpin
?
?
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S U M M A R Y
Endocrine DisruptionSF Bay Fish
San Pablo Bay
Berkeley Waterfront
Redwood City
Tomales Bay
Oakland Inner Harbor
17ß-Estradiol/HPG Axis
?
?
?
?
Shiner Perch
?
Pacific Staghorn Sculpin
17a-Ethinylestradiol
Shiner Perch
Pacific Staghorn Sculpin
Testosterone/HPG Axis
?
?
?
?
Shiner Perch
?
Pacific Staghorn Sculpin
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Shiner Surfperch ?
August 2006 Oakland Inner Harbor
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17a-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) in Fish Plasma
200
150
Plasma EE2 Concentration (pg/ml)
100
50
N.D.
N.D.
0
Shiner Surfperch
Pacific Staghorn Sculpin
WWTP-affected site (OCSD, turbot)
(Tomales Bay, Redwood City, Oakland Inner Harbor,
Berkeley, San Pablo Bay (Loch Lohmand)
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Liver Contaminant Analysis, GC/MS
So-Calif would have 4, 4-DDT
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Liver Contaminant Analysis, GC/MS
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Liver Contaminant Analysis, GC/MS
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Endocrine DisruptionSF Bay Fish
YellowYear-1 fish analyses

Cortisol Cortisone

Thyroxine Triidothyronine
POTW, seasonal effects??
17ß-Estradiol
17a-Ethinylestradiol
Testosterone 11-ketotestosterone
?
IGF-I IGFBPs
Hepatic contaminants (chlorinated pesticides, PCB
congeners, PAHs)

spatial differences detected
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Year 2 Studies
under way
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Study Sites 2007 July 29-August 4
San Pablo Bay (Loch Lohmand Marina)
Richmond (Lauritzen Channel, DDTs)
Richmond/Berkeley Waterfront
Oakland Inner Harbor
San Leandro Bay (PCBs)
San Francisco Waterfront
Hunters Point (POTW)
Redwood City
far-field reference Tomales Bay
Bodega Bay
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FIELD DATA - AUGUST 2007
Shiner Perch
Pacific Staghorn Sculpin
31
20
Redwood City
21
20
San Francisco Waterfront
--
23
S.F. Hunters Point (POTW outfall)
25
9
Oakland Inner Harbor
29
9
San Leandro Bay (PCB-contaminated)
13
17
Loch Lomand Marina (San Pablo Bay)
20
11
Richmond Waterfront
27
12
Richmond Lauritzen Channel (DDT-contaminated)
2
11
Bodega Bay (far-field reference)
12
6
Tomales Bay (far-field reference)
138
180
Added sites
Two Harbors Santa Catalina Island (Pacific side,
far-field reference)
L.A. Harbor Inner Cabrillo Beach (collab. with
Cabrillo Marine Aquarium)
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FIELD DATA - AUGUST 2007
Shiner Perch
Pacific Staghorn Sculpin
31
20
Redwood City
60.0
21
20
San Francisco Waterfront
--
23
S.F. Hunters Point (POTW outfall)
strongly correlated with gill damage
25
9
Oakland Inner Harbor
lt10
29
9
San Leandro Bay (PCB-contaminated)
55.2
13
17
Loch Lomand Marina (San Pablo Bay)
20
11
60.0
Richmond Waterfront
27
12
Richmond Lauritzen Channel (DDT-contaminated)
20.2
2
11
Bodega Bay (far-field reference)
12
6
Tomales Bay (far-field reference)
138
180
PARASITE PREVALENCE infected hosts/examined
hosts x100
High infestation rates by Elthusa californica
(variable across sites individuals)
Low infestation rates by Ethusa californica
(Isopoda)
Other parasites -to be evaluated
Cortisol Interrenal histology --under way
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FIELD DATA - AUGUST 2007
Shiner Perch
Pacific Staghorn Sculpin
31
20
Redwood City
21
20
San Francisco Waterfront
--
23
S.F. Hunters Point (POTW outfall)
25
9
Oakland Inner Harbor
29
9
San Leandro Bay (PCB-contaminated)
13
17
Loch Lomand Marina (San Pablo Bay)
20
11
Richmond Waterfront
27
12
Richmond Lauritzen Channel (DDT-contaminated)
2
11
Bodega Bay (far-field reference)
12
6
Tomales Bay (far-field reference)
138
180
3/180 shiners were pregnant Sex ratios
TBA Gonadal somatic index TBA Histology under
way
Immature, or early developing gonads
Variety of reproductive states immature, mature,
gravid/pregnant
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Contaminant Analyses

• Feasible to measure individuals liver contaminant
  levels
• Key contaminants measured at high concentrations
  in shiner perch and Pacific staghorn sculpin
• Relatively higher levels of contaminants in
  livers of Pacific staghorn sculpin
• Liver contaminant concentrations will be
  correlated with indices of endocrine disruption
  within individuals

Allows analysis of whether pollutants,
individually or in combination, are associated
with endocrine disruption associated reductions
in physiological viability Different endocrine
systems will likely exhibit different
sensitivities to contaminants Will point to
potential contaminant thresholds of effects in
fish (further testing needed)
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Emphasis Stress (HPI) Axis Continuing Analyses
Emphasis 2007

• a) field work -Aug 2007, completed
• b) cortisol measurement, completed, data analysis
  phase underway
• c) interrenal histology, underway
• d) hepatic contaminants measurement (underway)
  correlation
• d) cortisone measurement (11ß-HSD-2)
• e) ACTH-challenge (is interrenal responsiveness
  impaired?)
• f) ectoparasitic infestation assessment
• g) growth endocrine system impacts (indices
  IGF-I, IGFBPs, cartilage growth activity)
  impacts
• h) steroidogenic enzyme expression (StAR,
  11ß-hydroxylase, 11ß-HSD-2)

b-d potential bioassays for disruption
(screening)
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Thyroid (HPT) Axis Disruption Studies proposed
for 2007