Topical Review: Colonial Era to 1787

1
Topical Review Colonial Era to 1787
2
Political (Colonial Era 1763)

• European Renaissance
• The Reformation
• Quest for Empire
• Spanish
• French
• British
• Dutch
• Chesapeake Colonies
• Great Migration

3
Political (Colonial Era 1763)

• Colonial governments
• How democratic?
• How innovative?
• Founding documents?
• New England Confederation (1643-1654)
• English Civil War
• Proprietary and Restoration Colonies
• Salutary Neglect
• Trend towards centralization of Empire
• Dominion of New England
• Obstacles in America
• Glorious Revolution in America
• Georgia buffer colony

4
Economic (Colonial Era 1763)

• Mercantilism
• Expectations
• Impact
• Navigation Acts
• Tobacco Culture of Chesapeake
• Headright system
• Indentured servitude/slavery
• Economic diversity of New England
• Cereal grain in Middle Colonies

5
Social/Cultural (Colonial Era 1763)

• Regional distinctions and similarities
• Environment economy and health
• Religious backgrounds
• Democratic/deferential
• Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649)
• Religious declension Halfway Covenant (1662)
• Ethnic diversity
• Enlightenment
• Great Awakening

6
Military/Diplomatic (Colonial Era 1763)

• Spanish Armada (1588)
• Imperial Wars/North American Wars
• King Williams War (1689-1697)
• Queen Annes War (1702-1713)
• King Georges War (1739-1748)
• Indian Wars
• Powhatan Massacre (1622) (347, 1/3rd die) (1644)
• Pequot War (1637)
• King Philips War (1675-1676) (1 in 20 die)
• French and Indian War/Albany Plan of Union

7
Some Possible DBQ/FRQ Topics
8
Puritanism

• John Calvin/Calvinism as inspiration
• Doctrines
• Goals of Puritans
• Great Migration
• Values
• Demise
• Great Awakening
• Revivalism/Itinerant Ministry
• Impact

9
The Enlightenment

• Foundations in Scientific Revolution
• Descartes and Reason
• Intellectual underpinnings
• Intellectual freedom
• Locke and the tabula rasa
• Natural law
• Deism
• Impact on America

10
Objective Analysis of Colonial Relationship to
England

• Prior to 1763
• Desire to centralize Empire
• Governors
• Proprietary Colonies
• Trend to Royal Status by 1770s
• Dominion of New England (1686-1689)
• Board of Trade and Plantations (Privy Council)
• Mercantilism
• Failure to centralize (Salutary Neglect)
• Distance
• Global Nature
• Problems at home and abroad (Wars for
  Empire/English Civil War/Glorious Revolution)
• Frontier/rural conditions and foreign immigrants
  in America

11
Objective Analysis of Colonial Relationship to
England

• II. By 1750
• Colonists maturing politically, economically, and
  socially/culturally
• Representative assemblies
• 2 million people
• Identity
• Overall, Colonists still happy with English
  Empire
• Some resentment toward second class citizenship
• Some resentment of debt to British bankers

12
Objective Analysis of Colonial Relationship to
England

• French and Indian War increases tensions
• British concerns
• American concerns
• 1763
• British expect to enforce mercantilism
• British expect to centralize empire
• British expect to raise revenue in America
• Americans resist British expectations
• Reasons
• Methods
• Colonial Unity

13
Objective Analysis of Colonial Relationship to
England

• British Reaction
• Parliamentary supremacy
• Repeal of Stamp Act
• Repeal of Townshend Acts (except Tea)
• Punishment of Massachusetts
• Rebellion is consequence of failure on part of
  colonists to obtain desired reform and on
  Britains failure to accept federalism and
  reality
• Lexington and Concord
• Second Continental Congress and Declaration of
  Independence

14
Colonial Expansion

• Positives
• West represents adventure, opportunity and
  freedom
• Land is abundant landliberty/social mobility
• Religious dissenters find tolerance and absence
  of church authority
• Hard work (individualism and self reliance key to
  success)
• Result America is more tolerant, democratic, and
  mobile

15
Colonial Expansion

• Negatives
• Poor transportation and communication
• Life is hard, conditions are primitive
• Indian menace
• French hostilities
• Speculators
• East/West tension over representation, land
  policy, taxes, protection (Bacon, Leisler,
  Regulators, Paxton Boys)
• Result unity is difficult

16
Colonial Expansion

• British close frontier in 1763
• Treaty of Paris
• British motive
• American reaction
• During Revolution
• Western tribes fight with Britain
• Treaty of 1783 fixes border at Mississippi
• Confederation Era
• Western land policy major accomplishment of
  Articles
• Land Ordinance of 1785
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787

17
Colonial Expansion

• Western states begin empowering more white males
• Shayss Rebellion shows East/West tensions not
  solved
• Government under Articles cannot
• Force British out of forts (encourage Indian
  hostilities)
• Get spain to sign treaty allowing access to
  Mississippi River or right of deposit at New
  Orleans
• New Constitution creates more powerful federal
  government
• Pinckney Treaty, 1795
• Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

18
Democracy in America 1750-1776

• Is America democratic?
• Yes
• Distance from England allows for autonomy and
  local control
• New England town hall meetings
• Colonial assemblies
• American environment allowed for more mobility
  and democracy
• Americans more tolerant
• Impact of Great Awakening
• Impact of the Enlightenment
• American Revolution

19
Democracy in America 1750-1776

• Is America democratic?
• No
• Patriarchy
• Slavery
• Poor are disfranchised
• Deference, especially in South
• South less democratic (ex. North Carolina)

20
Democracy in America 1750-1776

• Does the Revolutionary Era greatly change
  America? (How revolutionary or radical?)
• Democracy as concern for individual, natural
  rights and self-government
• Yes
• Radical patriots want more democracy at home and
  home rule
• State constitutions
• Lower property requirements for voting (ex. Mass)
• Increased separation of church and state
• Enlarge and empower lower branch of legislature

21
Democracy in America 1750-1776

• Appoint or elect more humble upper house (no
  blood ties natural aristocracy)
• Weaken executives (or get rid of!)
• Lower primogeniture and entail
• Make titles illegal
• Expand public education (esp. in NE)
• Include bills of rights
• Women vote in New Jersey
• Northern abolition of slavery southern
  manumission
• Radicals establish weak central government want
  local control, distrust distant authority
• Articles
• No executive or courts No tax or regulation of
  commerceWeak congress Weak military
• States are empowered

22
Democracy in America 1750-1776

• No America not more democratic after 1776
• Radicals make no legal provisions for women, free
  blacks, or slaves
• No alleviation of East/West tension
• Counterrevolution of 1787 checks radical
  revolution of 1776 (Beard)
• Stronger federal government
• Check of mob democracy
• But, all desire republican government
  virtue/more faith lies within the people
• Democratic ratification process
• Bill of Rights
• Revolution of 1800

23
Impact of Revolutionary America on Minorities
(1750-1800)

• Women
• Expanded role on frontier
• Ratio in South still gender imbalance
• Legal code favors men everywhere
• No vote no property ownership once married
• Model traditional role in more established areas
• Republican Motherhood
• Overall more choices more options than English
  women
• Remember Abigail Adams

24
Impact of Revolutionary America on Minorities
(1750-1800)

• Blacks
• Slaveryultimate human degradation
• 750,000 slaves
• Only blacks/Indians
• Legal in all colonies before 1776
• Frowned upon by Quakers
• Not economic necessity in North, so fewer
• 1776 tobacco market unstable and egalitarianism
  raised questions
• Willing manumission closing of African Slave
  Trade Northern Abolition
• No state in south will abolish
• Few win freedom for fighting in Revolution as
  promised

25
Impact of Revolutionary America on Minorities
(1750-1800)

• Blacks
• Word not used in Constitution
• 3/5s Compromise
• 1808 abolition of slave trade
• Indians
• Fought in imperial wars and Revolution
• Capitalized on European rivalries offered trade
  and hunting lands
• Iroquois British Algonquin French
• Pontiacs Rebellion
• Fear of land encroachment causes tribes to fight
  against Americans in 1776
• After independence not citizens foreign
  entities encroachment continues

26
Impact of Revolutionary America on Minorities
(1750-1800)

• Non-Anglo immigrants
• Scots, Scots-Irish, German, French Huguenots
• Most settle in Middle Colonies or backcountry
• Many disfranchised
• Non-Protestant discrimination is high

27
Topical Review 1763-1800
28
Political (1763-1800)

• Political expectations of mother country/British
  system of government
• Political motives for Revolution
• Writs/privacy
• Admiralty courts/jury
• Denial of right to tax without representation
• Sugar, Stamp, Townshend, Tea
• Republicanism/self government

29
Political (1763-1800)

• Methods of American Resistance
• Written letters, pamphlets, editorials,
  resolutions
• Threats, intimidation, violence
• Organizations
• Sons/Daughters of Liberty Stamp Act
  CongressContinental Association Committees of
  Correspondence First and Second Continental
  Congresses
• Boycott
• Galloway plan/Olive Branch Petition
• Declaration of Independence
• Creation of state/federal governments
• Process similarities radical/conservative
  victories

30
Political (1763-1800)

• Government policy favors westward expansion
• Shayss Rebellionsign
• Federalist Era
• Establishment of new government/precedents Bill
  of Rights Rise of Political parties Whiskey
  Rebellion Alien and Sedition Acts Kentucky and
  Virginia Resolutions
• Rise of the two-party system (because domestic
  and foreign policy issues)
• Judiciary Act 1789
• Washingtons Farewell Address
• Demise of the Federalists
• Revolution of 1800

31
Economic (1763-1800)

• Economic motives of mother country
• Economic motives for Revolution
• Economic problems during Confederation Era
• Shayss Rebellion debt interstate rivalries
• Class/economic/geographic divisions between
  federalists and anti-federalists
• Economic Interpretation of the Constitution
  Beard
• Hamiltons Program Four main parts/opposition
  response
• Whiskey Rebellion
• Cotton Gin

32
Social/Cultural (1763-1800)

• How revolutionary was the Revolution?
• Blacks women common men
• How united/how American?
• Literature during period
• Deism
• Meritocracy/natural aristocracy

33
The Constitution of 1787

• Reasons for
• No enforcement
• Weak congress and military
• Inability to amend
• Debt/state rivalry
• Who went to Philadelphia
• Conservatives nationalists American leaders
  wealthy/elite
• The Debate
• Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan Connecticut
  Plan/Great Compromise/Roger Sherman

34
The Constitution of 1787

• The Document
• Powers delegated
• Powers denied states
• Federalism
• Separation of Powers
• Checks and Balances
• Republican government/virtue of people
• Ratification debates
• Federalists vs. Anti-federalists
• The Federalist Papers
• Bill of Rights

35
Topical Review 1800-1860
36
Political (1800-1860)

• Trend towards increasing democracy
• Jeffersonian Jacksonian (symbol of common
  man/changes electoral politics)
• Era of Good Feelings
• Jacksonian/Antebellum Reform
• Temperance prison/asylum education utopian
  communities abolition Transcendentalism
• Rebirth of two party system
• Spoils System/nominating conventions/rotation
• Nullification Crisis
• Manifest Destiny/Indian Removal/Trail of Tears
• Increasing nationalism/increasing sectionalism
• Reasons/examples/impact

37
Economic (1800-1860)

• Violations of American shipping
• Reasons/results
• American reaction to War of 1812
• Tariff (1816) Second BUS rise of
  manufacturing/decline of commerce
• Overall prosperous why?
• Expansion King Cotton population growth and
  urbanization in North increasing technology
  (coal, improved transportation canals,
  steamboats and rail at end of era, telegraph
• Lowell Mills
• Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842

38
Economic (1800-1860)

1. Jackson as anti-monopoly/special interest
2. American System (Clay, Whigs)
3. Tariffs of 1828/1832
4. Marshall court to 1835
5. Taney court pro states rights (Charles River
   Bridge v. Warren River Bridge)
6. Killing of the BUS
7. California Gold Rush
8. Economic Sectionalism

39
Social/Cultural (1800-1860)

• Rise of public schools and private universities
  instill American values
• Literary nationalism and romanticism Irving,
  Cooper, Longfellow, Fireside poets
• Transcendentalism
• Individualism self-reliance non-conformity
  intuition
• Know God through nature
• Active in abolition and other reforms
• Emerson, Thoreau
• Intellectual Independence

40
Social/Cultural (1800-1860)

• Second Great Awakening
• Finney, Channing Unitarianism
• Response to rationalism and deism
• Perfectibility of man
• Art is romantic too
• Hudson River School reflects nature, noble
  savage natureawesome
• Church, Audubon Society
• Theater/minstrel shows popular
• Rise of Mormons (1830, NY)
• Joseph Smith, Killed in Nauvoo, IL
• Brigham Young, Mormon Trek, 1847 (perfectibility)

41
Social/Cultural (1800-1860)

• Nativism
• Reaction to Irish and German immigration in
  1830s-50s
• Know-Nothings (American Party)
• Discrimination, especially against Irish
• Urbanization slowly beginning poor conditions in
  cities

42
Civil War

• Reasons for
• Expansion led to tension over slavery expansion
• States rights vs. Nationalism/federalism
• Abolition movement led to tension over morality
  of slavery (Positive Good)
• Economic and cultural divergence of North and
  South

43
Civil War

• Key events leading to
• Colonial economies, Declaration, Constitutional
  debates, political/economic and cultural
  sectionalism
• Missouri Compromise 1820
• Nullification Crisis 1832
• Texas Annexation 1836-45
• Mexican Cession 1848
• Uncle Toms Cabin 1852, Slavery as it is (Weld),
  The Impending Crisis of the South (Helper)
• Gadsden Purchase 1853/transcontinental
  railroad/Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

44
Civil War

• Key events leading to
• Division of Democratic Party and rise of
  Republican party 1854-60 (sectional parties)
• Bleeding Kansas/John Brown at Potawatomie
  Creek/Lecompton Constitution
• Sumner/Brooks Affair
• Dred Scott Decision 1857
• Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858
• John Browns Raid 1859
• Election of Lincoln 1860
• Secession of South Carolina 1860, six others in
  early 1861, four others after Lincoln calls for
  75,000 volunteers in late 1861

45
Civil War

• Key battles
• Sumter border states Lincolns call for troops
• Manassas
• Shiloh
• Antietam
• Gettysburg
• Atlanta
• Wilderness-Appomattox
• Trent Affair/British and French support
• Emancipation Proclamation 1863

46
Topical Review 1875-1900
47
Political (1875-1900)

• Republican domination (ex. Cleveland)
• Lack of talent and integrity (Gilded Age,
  corruption/Grant and Credit Mobilier)
• Controversial Election 1876/Compromise of
  1876/End of Reconstruction
• Garfield Assassination
• Pendleton Civil Service Reform 1883
• Populist Party and platform
• abolition of national banks, a graduated income
  tax, direct election of Senators, civil service
  reform, a working day of eight hours, Government
  control of all railroads, telegraphs, and
  telephones, free silver, federal storehouses for
  grain, the three Rs
• Election of 1896 Democrats co-opt Populist
  platform and candidate

48
Economic (1875-1900)

• Key is rising technology (see next topic)
• Laissez-faire (Republican, pro-business
  ascendancy)
• Consolidation of businesses and farms
• Rise of railroad industry (national economy)
• Farmer discontent and revolt 1890s
• Bland-Allison Act (Crime of 73)
• Munn v. Illinois 1877/Wabash case 1886
• Greenback Party 1878
• Knights of Labor form in 1886/AFL in 1886
• Standard Oil Trust forms 1882
• Gold discovered in Alaska 1886
• Rise of Farmers Alliance in 1886
• Haymarket Riot 1886
• Interstate Commerce Act 1887
• McKinley Tariff 1890/Wilson-Gorman 1894/Dingley
  Tariff 1897

49
Economic (1875-1900)

• Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890, repealed 1893
• Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890
• Populist Party/Platform of 1892
• Homestead Steel Strike 1892
• Panic of 1893
• Pullman Strike (and 1,400 others) 1894
• Coxeys March 1894
• Bryans Cross of Gold speech 1896

50
Industrial Revolution 1870s

• Reasons For
• Early Industrial Revolution of Antebellum Era
  causes rise of factory system and manufacturing
• Transportation revolution and Civil War act as
  catalysts
• Encouraged by government
• Republican domination/laissez-faire favors but
  no regulation
• Urbanization and immigration provide abundant and
  cheap labor
• Technology (see list)
• Change in business structures
• Increased consolidation (horizontal and
  vertical)/trusts, holding companies
• Professional management

51
Industrial Revolution 1870s

• Results of
• Economic growth
• Economic industrial superpower
• Increasing prosperity for most Americans,
  fortunes for some
• Labor strife/organization
• Reasons
• Unions
• Farmer discontent
• Reasons for
• Organization
• Imperialism
• Need for new markets and raw materials
• World role/jingoism

52
Technology (1875-1900)

• Typewriter 1875
• Telephone 1875 (Bell)
• Phonograph 1878
• First electric current supplied in New York 1882
• Dumbbell tenement 1879
• Lightbulb 1879
• Mechanical twine binder 1880
• Brooklyn Bridge completed 1883
• Westinghouse power land and transformer 1886
• Ading machine 1889
• Electric elevator 1889
• Color photography 1890
• Electric trolley 1892
• Widespread use of earlier innovations telegraph,
  railroad (standard gauge, Pullman car,
  refrigerated car) Deeres plow McCormacks
  reaper barbed wire

53
Diplomatic (1875-1900)

• Mahans Influence of Sea Power upon History 1890
• Interest in Hawaii (1875-1898 annexed) Pearl
  Harbor 1887
• Samoa Pago Pago
• Wake and Midway Islands
• Venezuelan Dispute 1895
• U.S.S. Maine /de lome letter 1898
• Spanish American War Cuba, Philippines, Puerto
  Rico 1898
• Teller Amendment 1898, Platt Amendment 1901
• Treaty of 1899
• Emilio Aguinaldo defeated 1901
• Open Door Notes 1899, 1900
• Naval buildup begins 1883 continues in 1890s

54
Social/Cultural (1875-1900)

• National Baseball League 1875
• Red Cross 1881
• Farmers Alliance/Grange 1886
• Urbanization/Social Gospel Movement
• Hull House, tenement house
• Closing of the frontier (Turner, 1893) Oklahoma
• Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia 1876
• Salvation Army in US 1879
• Statue of Liberty 1886 Lazaruss New Colossus
  1903
• Washington Monument finished

55
Social/Cultural (1875-1900)

• National Baseball League 1875
• Red Cross 1881
• Farmers Alliance/Grange 1886
• Urbanization/Social Gospel Movement
• Hull House, tenement house
• Closing of the frontier (Turner, 1893) Oklahoma
• Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia 1876
• Salvation Army in US 1879
• Statue of Liberty 1886 Lazaruss New Colossus
  1903
• Washington Monument finished 1884
• WCTU 1873
• Anti-Saloon League 1895-1895
• Public Libraries open in New York and Boston 1895

56
Literary (1875-1900)

• REALISM
• Twain Tom Sawyer 1875, Life on the Mississippi
  1876, Huckleberry Finn 1884
• Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor 1881
• Henry James The American, 1877 Portrait of a
  Lady, 1881 The Bostonians, 1886
• Henry Adams Democracy, 1880
• Edward Bellamy Looking Backward 1888
• Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives 1890
• Mahan The Influence of Sea Power upon History
  1890
• F.J.Turner The Significance of the Frontier on
  American History 1893
• Stephen Crane The Red Badge of Courage 1895

57
Immigration (1875-1900)

• New Immigrants
• Southern and Eastern Europe
• Italy the Balkans Russia
• Catholic, Jewish
• Cannot easily assimilate
• The Orient (Angel Island)
• Work on railroads of West
• Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
• Gentlemens Agreement 1907
• Ellis Island 1892

58
Women (1875-1925)

• 1869 Wyoming is first to allow woman suffrage,
  Colorado 1893 Utah, Idaho 1896
• 1869 AWSA and NWSA begin
• AWSAStone NWSAStanton and Anthony
• 1890 NAWSA
• Literacy drives, conventions, parades, state by
  state campaign, speeches
• 1890s Ida B. Wells campaigns against lynching
  in South (A Red Record 1895)
• 1896 National Association of Colored Women
• 1900-1917 Progressives join call for female
  suffrage to advance their goals

59
Women (1875-1925)

• 1900s women (Gilman) attack traditional
  marriage call for economic independence
• 1903 National Womens Trade Union formed
• 1909 NAACP involves black women
• 1912 Alice Paul returns from England calls for
  ERA
• 1912 Paul starts NWP
• 1915 Catt becomes president of NAWSA
• 1919 Congress passes the 19th Amendment
• 1920 19th Amendment ratified
• 1920 NAWSA becomes League of Women Voters
• 1925 first birth control information center
  opens (Sanger)

60
Blacks (1875-1900)

• Reconstruction Governments and gains for free
  blacks
• Crop lien and sharecropping
• Civil Rights Act 1875
• Civil Rights Cases 1883
• Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction
• Tuskegee Opens 1881
• Segregation declared legal in Mississippi 1888
  (de jure Jim Crow)
• Increase of lynching (1889-1899187) Wells
• Atlanta Compromise 1895
• Grandfather clause Louisiana 1895
• Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

61
American Indians (1875-1900)

• Sioux Wars
• Little Big Horn 1876
• Geronimo Surrenders 1886 (Apache)
• Dawes Act 1887
• Indian schoolsEnglish language 1887
• Wounded Knee 1890 (Last Indian War)

62
Protest 1875-1925

• Blacks
• Segregation/lynching/Jim Crow and Plessy
• Booker T. Washington and DuBois/Garvey/Harlem
  Renaissance
• Populists and Progressives not committed
• Farmers
• Organizations
• Grievances
• Failure in 1890s followed recovery until after
  WWI
• Women
• Rise of suffragettes (goals and strategies)
• Obstacles (internal and external)
• 19th Amendment and impact
• American Indians
• Reservation Policy
• Indian Resistance
• Dawes Act and assimilation
• Citizens after World War I (1924)

63
Us Intervention In WW1

• Isolationist tradition ends because of
• A.Wilsonian idealism
• 1.Democracy
• 2.Moral Diplomacy
• 3. 14 points include- self determination,
  freedom on sea, league- world peace
• B. Violations of American neutrality
• 1.British
• 2.German- loss of American lives
• 3. Unrestricted Submarine-warfare 1917
• C.Allied propaganda
• D. US economic interests
• 1.Loans
• 2. Supplies

64
1920-1925Black History

• Niagra Movement 1906
• Race riots Texas 1906
• Race riots Atlanta 1906
• Race riots Illinois 1908
• NAACP formed 1909
• Grandfather Clause adopted in 5 states 1910
• KKK reorganized in Ga. 1915
• Assoc. for Negro life History 1915
• Garvey into Universal negro Improvement Assoc.
  1916
• Race riots St. Louis 1917
• Red Summer race riots 1918
• Natl Liberty Cong. Of Colored Americans (asks
  for anti lynch laws-1918)
• 70 blacks lynched 1919
• ½ million blacks join the Univ. NI Assoc. 1922
• Rosewood massacre 1923
• KKK up to 5 mil. 1925

65
1900-1925Labor History

• United Mine Workers strike 1902
• National Women trade Union League started 1903
• Intl Workers of the world 1905
• Intl Ladies Garment Workers Union Strike 1909
• Fire at Triangle Shirtwaist Co. (NY) 1911
• Lawrence textile Strike 1912
• War Labor Policies Board created 1918 (no strike
  pledge0
• AFL strikes Steel Industry 1919
• Boston Police Strike 1919
• Coal Strike 1919
• Palmer Raids- IWW 1919

66
Literature 1900-1925

• F. Norris The Octopus 1901
• H James the Ambassadors 1903
• J. London Call of the Wild 1903
• F. Norris the Pit 1903
• Dubois Souls of Black Folk 1903
• H. James The Golden Bowl 1904
• J. London The Sea Wolf 1904
• L Steffens Shame of the Cities (19??)T. Veblen
  Theory of Business Enterprise
• I Tarbell History of Standard oil
• U. Sinclair The Jungle 1906
• T. Dreiser- Jennie Gerhardt 1911
• F. Taylor Principles of Scientific management
  1911
• H. Croly Promise of American Life 1909
• L. Brandeis Other Peoples Money 1914
• H. Adams The education of H.A. 1918
• S. Lewis main Street 1920
• S. Lewis Babbitt 1922
• T.S. Eliot The Wasteland 1922
• T. Dreiser An American Tragedy 1925

67
Cultural- Social 1900-1925

• Pan American expo 1901
• Wrights Flight- Kitty Hawk NC 1903
• La. Purchase expo 1904
• Red Cross chartered 1905
• 1st Model T 1909
• Titanic sinks 1912
• Daylight savings time adopted 1918
• Regular Air Mail began 1918
• United Artists established (Chaplin Fairbanks
  Pickford) 1919
• Red scare began 1919 (Palmer Raids)
• Harlem Renaissance 1920
• Scopes Monkey Trial 1925

68
1900-1925 Immigrant history

• 1906 Cali. segregates Asian kids in Schools
• 1906 Japanese Immigration disallowed (gentlemens
  agreement)
• 1913 Cali. bars Jap. Americans from owning
  property
• 1917 Wilson vetoes act requiring literacy test
  for immigrant voters
• 1920 Congress over-rides veto on Quota
  legislation
• 1924 National Origins Act

69
Progressivism 1900-1917

• I.Goal
• A. Respond to problems caused by rapid changes in
  the late 19th century in more reasonable way than
  agitators of 1890s
• 1.urbanization
• 2. Industrialization
• 3. Corruption at all levels
• II. Econ Program- end laissez faire 9confident in
  gov. regulation)
• A.Anti monopoly
• B. Tariff reduction- Underwood
• C. Income tax graduated for fairness (16th0
• D. Regulation of Banking- provide elastic credit
  and currency (fed reserve)
• E. Child labor and hour of work for women goes
  down
• III. Pol. Program end of corruption by restoring
  democracy
• A.Direct election of senators (17th)
• B. Direct Primaries
• C. Expose and end city machine politics
• D. More Accountability to constituents
• 1. Referendum

70
Progressivism cont.

• IV. Social programs
• A.Settlement House movement
• B. Conservation of land and resources
• C. Temperance (18th)
• D. Womens suffrage (19th)
• V. Strategies
• A.Increase gov. role in economy (increases
  regulatory power, change bench, conservation)
• B. Greater Control of accountability of
  government to people
• C. Exposure of greed and corruption by
  muck-racking journalists.
• Tarbell- (Standard Oil)
• Steffens (cities)
• Sinclair (meat packing)
• Dreiser (poverty)
• Norris (railroads)
• Sandburg (workers plight)

71
1920s cont.

• New consumer goods cars, radios, refrigerators,
  vacuums, advertising dem. of goods.
• Blacks jazz Age Harlem Renaissance , they were
  the first fired after WW1, and KKK was reborn,
  Garveys Black Pride- (blacks back to Africa)
• Red Scare- Sacco and Vanzetti
• Isolationism reject role in WW1 league, want to
  protect America, insist on debt payment (Dawes
  Plan)
• Washington naval Conf. disarm
• Kellogg Briand- no war
• Immigration Act- natl Origins
• Commercial Entertainment- sports, Hollywood

72
1930s

• 20th and 22st amendments
• 1929 crashgt depression
• Hoover- Moratorium debt, volunteerism- too little
  too late
• FDR New deal 3Rs
• 1st (1933) Bank Holiday AAA, PWA/CCC, NIRA,
  TVA
• Fireside chats
• 2nd (1935) Court Schemes WPA, Wagner (CIO
  forms), Soc. Security
• Blacks first fired after WW1. Harlem Riotgt FEPC
  1941
• Isolationism continues- preoccupied with debt/
  problems at home
• Reciprocal trade Agreement- Free Trade
• 1936 Sit ins at Flint GM plant creation of
  the UAW under Reuther

73
1930s cont.

• Nye Committee/ Neutrality legislation, embargo
  (1935) cash carry (1937)
• Appeasement (tow. Agg.)
• Preparedness def. 1938 def. After Blitz
  Natl Defense Adv. Comm. 1940 Campaign limits
  FDRs ability to help Br. Until Wilkie approves
  1.Destroyer Deal 2. Selective Service ActLend
  lease has public support 1/ 41
• Atlantic Charter in 8/ 41 (after Ger. USSR)
• Pearl Harbor 1941
• Indian reorg. Act
• Big band EraSwing

74
1940s

• Democrats in control in WH
• WW2 Supplies Troops
• Pearl harbor- Midway- Island hopping Hiroshima,
  Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima
• N. African Italy
• D day, 6/6/44
• Bulge
• V-E, V-J

75
1940s cont

• Conferences Casa Blanca- uncond., Teheran-
  China, Yalta, Potsdam
• Nuremberg Trials
• Iron Curtain Increased
• Korean War
• Berlin Blockade
• During above 3 1946, TD, M plan, Containment
  Policy, NATO increase 1949, arms race increases
  in 1949

76
1940s cont.

• Support for freedom in Vietnam, Indochina,( Ho
  Chi Minh Communist nationalist
• Fall of Chiang Kai-shek in China to Maos red
  China
• Israel created (U.N)
• America accepts global role(short of war)
• See decrease in League/ App. As mistakes
• Hear/see Soviet threat
• Understand need for global econ. Need for raw
  materials and markets to keep the US economy
  prosperous.

77
1950s

• Korean War
• Alger Hiss/Rosenbergs
• McCarthyism/2nd Red Scare/decline of McCarthy _at_
  Army hearings
• Eisenhowers Dynamic Conservatism/Corporate
  Commonwealth (cooperation between interest
  groups)/not friendly towards strikes
• AFL-CIO merge 1955
• Interstate Highway ActFlight to suburbs
  (complacent, conformist, consumerism tvs and
  cars)

78
1950s

• Massive Retaliation and the Domino Theory
• No rescue at Dienbienphu support for Diem after
  Geneva Accords
• Eisenhower Doctrine
• Suez Canal Crisis
• U-2 Spy plane (1960)
• Sputnik 1957
• Brown Decision
• Montgomery Bus Boycott rise of SCLC
• Little Rock Crisis 1957
• Civil Rights Act 1957

79
1950s

• Beat Generation Kerouac and Ginsberg
• Elvis

80
1960s

• Flexible response/détente
• Bay of Pigs
• Cuban Missile Crisis/Nuclear Test Ban
• 2nd Berlin CrisisWall
• Increase in money to Diem Diem Falls Gulf of
  Tonkin Resolution Operation Rolling
  Thunderincrease of ground troops Tet Offensive
  Vietnamization
• Commission on Status of Women, 1961
• New Frontier
• Peace Corps

81
1960s

• Alliance for Progress
• Great SocietyWar on Poverty (Education-VISTA
  Employment Medicare Head Start)
• Civil Rights Act 1964, 1968 Voting Rights Act
  1965 24th Amendment 1964 Affirmative Action
  (1965-blacks 1967-women)
• Sit-in movement/SNCC
• Freedom Rides
• Freedom/marches Birmingham 1963 DC 1963 Selma
  1965
• Voter registration drives Freedom Summer (1964)

82
1960s

• Assassinations JFK, 1963 Maclom X 1965 Martin
  Luther King, Jr. 1968 RFK 1968
• Black Panthers (Carmichael, Newton, Seale, Brown)
• Race Riots 1967-1968
• Chicago Riot _at_ DNC
• United Farm Workers/Chavez-1962
• Feminine Mystique Friedan 1963
• NOW 1963 Libbers and bra-burners ERA
  reintroduced in 1970

83
1960s

• Anti-war movement New Left (SDS)
  Counterculture
• Beatles, Dylan, etc./Woodstock
• Immigration and Naturalization Act 1965
• Land on Moon 1969
• Détente/SALT I talks begin
• Nixon and New Federalism (revenue sharing)
• 6 day war in Middle East 1967

84
1970s

• EPA established 1970
• SALT I talks 1970
• My Lai Massacre/Cambodia Invasion
• Kent State Massacre broadens antiwar movement
• American troop withdrawal March 1973
• South Vietnam falls 1975
• Election of 1972 Nixon v. McGovern silent
  majority
• Watergate 1972-1974
• China Visit 1972

85
1970s

• Roe v. Wade 1973
• SALT I 1972
• OPEC Embargo/energy crisis 1973
• Nixon Resigns 1974 Ford pardons
• War Powers Act 1973
• 1976 Election Carter (non-Washington man)
• Creates cabinet Departments of Education and
  Health and Human Services
• Human rights foreign policy
• Camp David Accords

86
1970s

• Iranian Hostage Crisis
• SALT II 1979 (USSR invades Afghanistan/Olympics)
• Bakke v. University of California 1978

87
1980s

• Election of 1980/Reagan Revolution Are you
  better off than you were four years ago (used in
  84 too)
• California governor national pride
• End of hostage crisis (32 minutes into presidency)

88
1980s

• Assassination attempt March 30
• Reaganomics/tax cuts/deregulation/rollback of
  liberalism of 1960s and 70s/maintains core New
  Deal safeguards
• Milton Friedman Free to Choose/Supply-side
• Reformed SS solvent for later years
• results in 16 million new jobs and reduced
  inflation

89
1980s

• Air traffic controllers strike 1981 (11,359)
• increased deficit military spending outspend
  Soviets/Evil Empire/SDI Star Wars
• War on Drugs
• A Nation at Risk
• 1st female to Supreme Court (Rehnquist and Scalia
  too)

90
1980s

• Tear down this wall 1989
• Reagan Doctrine support freedom fighters in
  Afghanistan/Nicaragua/El Salvador
• Iran-Contra Scandal
• Election of 1988 George W. Bush
• no new taxes

91
1990s

• Manuel Noriega/Panama
• Desert Storm/Desert Shield
• Collapse of USSR 1991
• START I
• Begins NAFTA talks
• Election of 1992 Clinton 1st Baby Boomer
  president

92
1990s

• Clinton years see economic expansion
• FMLA 1993
• dont ask dont tell homosexuals allowed in
  military
• NAFTA 1993
• Brady Bill 5-day waiting period for handguns
• Earned Income Tax Credit
• Healthcare reform (nationalized) fails
• Contract with America 1994
• Increased minimum wage
• Defense of Marriage Act

93
2000s

• Bush v. Gore 2000
• September 11
• War on Terror/Afghanistan/Iraq
• No Child Left Behind

94
Cultural 1920-1970

• Mass entertainment 1920s
• Collegiate sports growth
• Film Chaplin, Bow, Valentino
• Sportsboxing Dempsey, baseball Ruth
• Lindberghs flight 1927
• Gershwin- composer (popular)

95
Cultural 1920-1970 cont.

• Artists Okeefe, Cassatt, Hopper, 1930s
• Lind. Baby kidnapped 1932
• Chicago world fair 1933
• Film Stars of the 1930s Bogart, Temple
• Sports Stars of 1930s Joe Lewis, Lou Gehrig
• 1937 A. Earhearts last flight

96
Cultural 1920-1970 cont.

• 1937 Golden Gate bridge
• 1938 H. Hughes flies _at_ world in record time
• 1939Gone With the Wind, and the Wizard of Oz
• Film and music stars of the 1940s Nat King Cole,
  Duke Ellington, Joe DiMaggio, Ty Cobb
• 1941 New York worlds fair
• 1943 Casablanca
• 1943 Penicillin introduced
• 1943 Jitterbug, bebop, zoot suit
• 1943 William Lloyd Wright famous architect
• Stars of the 1950s M. Monroe, Sugar Ray Leonard,
  Rocky Marciano, Arnold Palmer, Elvis

97
Cultural 1920-1970 cont.

• 1950 US (6 of worlds population) Owns 60 of
  all cars, 58 phones, 45 radios
• 1951 Color TV introduced
• 1954 Polio Vaccine
• 1957 Beatnik movement (Kerouac) starts in
  California and spreads
• 1960s heroes Vince Lombardi, J. Nicklaus, Mickey
  Mantle, The Beatles, Cassius Clay, Billie J.
  King, B. Streisand, K. Hepburn
• 1960 85m TV sets
• 1961 John Birch Society(reactionary)
  increasingly active

98
Cultural 1920-1970 cont.

• 1963 Andy Warhol (NY Guggenheim museum0 and pop
  art
• 1964 Hoffa found guilty ( for tampering, fraud,
  conspiracy) disappears in 1975
• 1966 Mini skirts, twiggy twist
• 1969 Campus unrest spreads

99
Economic 1920-1970

• Roaring Twenties increase of commercial
  entertainment advertising and credit new
  technology radio, appliances, cars
• 1921 Melon as Secretary of Treasury tax cuts
  high tariffs laissez-faire deregulation
• 1922 stock market boom
• October 29, 1929 Black Tuesday
• 1925 McNary-Haugen farm relief defeated
• 1931 Moratorium on debt payment
• 1932 Bonus March Hoover moves left (RFC, too
  little too late FDR campaigns on the 3 Rs)

100
Economic 1920-1970

• 1933 First New Deal (100 days)
• Bank Holiday (relief)Emergency Banking Act
  (relief)
• CCC (relief), NIRA (recovery), AAA (recovery),
  FDIC (reform), TVA (Reform), FERA (relief
  priming the pump), HOLC (relief) SEC (reform)
• 1934 increase of strikes
• 1935 critics from R and L
• 1935 2nd New Deal moves Left WPA (relief), REA
  (reform), NLRA (Wagner) (reform), and SS (reform)
• 1936 AAA and NIRA unconstitutional
• 1937 loses court packing but Court moves left
• 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act 2nd AAA

101
Economic 1920-1970

• Winter 37/38 recession (attempted to balance
  budget)
• ND d/n end Depression or unemployment, transform
  capitalism except labor end poverty or
  redistribute wealth d/n address racial or female
  inequality (ex.FEPC)
• Importance (1) new institutions that expand role
  of governmentminimum assistance to poor and
  unemployed protect rights of Labor stabilize
  the banking system building low-income housing
  regulate financial markets subsidizing
  agricultural production
• (2) new political coalition for Democrats
• (3) New Deal liberalism inspires and shapes Great
  Society

102
Economic 1920-1970

• 1939-45 US manufacturing ½ of worlds
  manufactured goods supplies 25 of British
  military needs1945-47 demobilization
• 1940s-50s population shift to sunbelt
• 1948 Fair Deal expansion of social
  welfare/Keynesian Economics
• 1953 Government lifts all wage controls
• 1953 Eisenhower's Dynamic Conservatism stop
  momentum of New Deal
• 1959 Ike invokes Taft-Hartley to halt steel
  strike

103
Economic 1920-1970

• 1961 New Frontier blocked by conservative
  coalition NASA increased minimum wage
• 1963 LBJs Great Society War on Poverty
  increases deficits
• 1969 Nixons New Federalism 30billion back to
  states (decline of economy, unemployment,
  inflation, GNP, trade deficits) raises taxes and
  interest rates does not work

104
Political 1920-1970

• 1920s Republican domination
• 1932 FDR elected
• 1933 20th and 21st Amendments
• 1935 Long assassinated
• 1936, 40 FDR reelected
• 1940 Smith Act
• 1941 OPA WPB established
• 1944 FDR reelected
• 1950 McCarran Act
• 1951 22nd and 23rd Amendments

105
Political 1920-1970

• 1952, 1956 IKE (re)elected
• 1960 JFK
• 1963 LBJ
• 1963 Gideon v. Wainwright
• 1964 LBJ reelected (Goldwater) Warren Report
  24th Amendment Tonkin Resolution
• 1964 Escobedo v. Illinois
• 1966 Miranda v. Arizona
• 1962 environmental movement gains momentum
  (Silent Spring)

106
Political 1920-1970

• 1967 25th Amendment
• 1968 Nixon elected (RFK riots at Chicago)

107
Reconstruction

• Traditional historiography sordid
• Modern historiography unsuccessful but laudable
• Began during CW as how to reunite
• 1863 Lincolns Ten Percent Plan
• 1864 Wade-Davis pocket vetoed
• April 1865 Congress out of session Johnson
  issued plan
• Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867) (Johnson)
• Black Codes infuriate N. Republicans

108
Reconstruction

• December 1865 Congress reconvenes
• Radical Republicans Sumner and Stevens call for
  abrogation of Johnson governments
• Call for new governments based on equality before
  law and manhood suffrage
• Moderates try working with Johnson to modify
• Refused to seat congressmen and Senators elected
  from S. in November 1865 elections
• Early 1866 Johnson vetoes Freedmans Bureau and
  Civil Rights Bill (overridden)
• 1866 Congress approves 14th Amendment (1868)

109
Reconstruction

• 1866 midterms repudiate Johnsons policies S.
  refuses 14th Amendment
• Congress decided to take over
• 1867 Pass Reconstruction Act began Radical
  Reconstruction (lasts to 1877)
• By 1870 all states readmitted and controlled by
  Republican Party
• Carpetbaggers and Scalawags
• Articulate black political leadership emerges in
  South (16 in Congress, 600 in state legislatures,
  hundreds in local offices)

110
Reconstruction

• Successes of Radical Reconstruction governments
• First state-funded public school system in S.
• Equalized taxation
• Outlawed discrimination in public transportation
  and accommodations
• Economic development
• Opposition to Reconstruction (KKK)
• Johnson impeached (1868)
• 1868 Grant elected Congress approves 15th
  destroys Klan in 1871 reelected in 1872

111
Reconstruction

• Reconstruction wanes Dems never
  support/corruption/Republicans b/c more
  conservative ? use of federal power
• Panic of 1873 economic concern ahead
• Dems win control of House in 1874
• Violence erupts in South in mid-1870s no
  intervention
• By 1876 all S redemmed ex. SC, FL, and LA
• Compromise of 1876 and collapse of Reconstruction
• S. falls under reactionary leadership Jim Crow
  emerges
• Stronger federal government indifferent as S.
  effectively nullified 14th and 15th Amendments
  not rectified until 1960s

112
Social/Economic Impacts - Reconstruction

• Emergence of modern America
• N and W see transcontinental RR modern steel
  industry settlement of trans-Mississippi West
  final defeat of American Indians expansion of
  mining
• Industrialization wipes out small farmers and
  artisans wage earner emerges
• By 1877 industrial production 75 greater than
  1865 even with panic
• Little economic development in S.
• Blacks solidify family ties locate loved ones
  black churches
• Segregation limited economic development for
  freed blacks

113
Post WWII Economic Trends

• Post-war decade unprecedented sustained
  growth
• Citizens and government massive spending
• Rising consumerism and credit
• Government spurred economy out of necessity
  during war continued after

114
Post WWII Economic Trends

• 1945-60 GNP doubles
• Inflation under 2 throughout 50s
• Defense spending most important stimulant
• US monopoly over international trade
• Technology sector increases 35 between 1945 and
  55
• 1945-1960- home ownership grew 50
• Savings less than 5 of income consumerism and
  credit
• Middle class 5.7m in 1947 to 12m by 1960

115
Causes of the Depression

1. Watered stock (16 times earnings) careful
   investors sell stock back to take profits October
   29, 1929Black Tuesday 16.5 million shares
   traded market fell 40 pointsdecline until 1933
2. Buying on the margin (borrowed 90 with stock as
   collateral when prices fell 10 lender sold
   stock depressed prices)
3. Depressed farm economy
4. New construction declined
5. Auto sales lagged
6. Underconsumption
7. Money hoarding reduced demand workers laid off
   reduced purchasing power further decrease in
   demand etc.
8. Fordney-McCumber and Hawley-Smoot led to less
   exports, further hurting the economy

116
Latin-American/US Foreign Policy

• 1823 Monroe Doctrine
• 1840s Manifest Destiny/Mexican War
• 1850 Clayton-Bulwer
• 1880s increased investment
• 1898 Spanish-American War
• 1901 Hay-Pauncefote aborgates Clayton
• 1903 Hay-Buneau-Varilla
• 1903-14 Canal built
• 1890s-1920 US Marines in Latin America
• 1920s isolation
• 1933 Good Neighbor Policy
• 1950s-1990s Cold War intervention (Cuba, etc.)
• 1961 Alliance for Progress

117
Eras of Expanded Democracy

• Jeffersonian Era (1800-1824) simplicity
• Jacksonian Era (1820s-1840) UWMS/reform
• Age of Lincoln/Civil War/Reconstruction
  (1860-1877) Emancipation, Citizenship UMS
• Progressive Era (1900-1920) DES 3Rs Reg. of
  BB UAS
• Age of FDR (1932-1952) ND FEPC communists?
• JFK/LBJ (1960-1968) CR/Reconstruction Realized
• Reagan (1980-1988) simplicity

118
Good luck on your test!

• Energy and persistence conquer all things.
• Benjamin Franklin
• Tomorrow all of your hard work will pay off!!!
• -Annie