ELEC 4600 RADAR

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ELEC 4600RADAR NAVIGATION
Lecturer R. Edwards
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COURSE OUTLINE
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RADAR NAVIGATION

• Engineering is Applied Science
• Many areas of science and mathematics are applied
  to solve the problems associated with Radar and
  Navigation

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RADAR NAVIGATION

• Some examples are
• Antennas
• RF circuit design
• Plane geometry
• Spherical geometry
• Probability and statistics
• DSP discrete-time signal processing
• Orbital mechanics
• Matrix algebra

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NAVIGATION

• The first half of the course will cover
  NAVIGATION, in particular,
• aircraft navigation

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NAVIGATION

• The science of determining the position of a
  vehicle relative to the position of its
  destination

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NAVIGATIONCourse Outline (1)

• Basic Information
• Units and Conventions
• Lines of Position and Position Fixes Geometry
• Requirement for air navigation systems
• Relative Navigation Systems
• NDB/ADF (Non-Directional Beacon/Automatic
  Direction Finder)
• VOR (VHF Omnirange)
• TACAN
• DME

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NAVIGATIONCourse Outline (2)

• Absolute Navigation Systems
• Multi-DME
• LORAN-C
• GPS
• INS
• Navigation Fundamentals
• Position Fix Transformations
• Dead-Reckoning Calculations
• Most Probable Position Calculations
• Course Line Computations

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Navigation

• Organizational Framework
• (The players in the game)

• International ICAO
• National FAA/Nav Canada, Transport Canada/CAA
• Industry ARINC/RTCA

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International

• ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)

• An organization of the United Nations
• Responsible for recommending standards for
  civil aviation systems and procedures
• (SARPs STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES)
• NOTE Responsibility for implementation rests
  with individual countries.
• Countries may elect not to follow recommended
  procedures and if they do so will file an
  exception

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National

• USA - FAA
• Canada Transport Canada and Nav Canada
• Transport Canada (government)
• Develops and Enforces Rules and Regulations
• Nav Canada (not-for profit)
• Installs/maintains navigation aids and air
  traffic radars
• Operates air traffic control system

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Industry

• ARINC (Aeronautical Radio Incorporated)
• Develops standards for interchangeability of
  avionics equipment
• Equipment chassis, mounting racks and and
  connectors (ATR
• Digital Data bus standards (ARINC 429, 469)

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Industry

• RTCA (Radio Technical Committee for Aeronautics)
• Made up of representatives from avionics and
  airline industries and government agencies
• Develops functional specifications for avionics
  equipment
• NOTE FAA usually uses RTCA documents form basis
  of certification of equipment

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NAVIGATIONUnits and Conventions

• Distance Nautical Mile (NM) 1832m exactly
• Speed Knot (kt) 1 NM/hour
• Angle degrees measured Clockwise from North and
  is always expressed as three digits e.g. 090,
  006. Note zero is pronounced zero

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North

• Two main North references
• True (T) the geographical North Pole(the point
  at which the earths spin axis intersects the
  earths surface in the Northern hemisphere)
• Magnetic (M) the North magnetic pole
• VARIATION is the differencebetween True and
  Magnetic North

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North

• Conversion from Magnetic to True and Vice Versa
• Variation is usually given as West or East
  depending on whether the Magnetic Pole appears to
  be West or East of the True Pole
• East Variation is considered positive ()
• True direction Magnetic direction Variation

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Magnetic and True North
MAG
TRUE
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VARIATION
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Pole Migration
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Units and Conventions (Continued)

• Heading The angle between the longitudinal axis
  of a vehicle and the North reference (can be
  either Magnetic or True)
• Relative Bearing The angle between the
  longitudinal axis of the vehicle and a line
  joining the vehicle and the point in question

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Units and Conventions
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Navigation

• Lines of Position

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Navigation

• Position Fix

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Navigation

• Position Fix Geometry

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Requirements for an Air Navigation System

• Accuracy(Allowable Error)
• Integrity
• Availability
• Continuity

These all depend on the phase of flight
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Phases of Flight

• Enroute least restrictive
• Usually at cruising altitude - no
  obstaclesstable situation, no conflicting
  traffic
• Terminal Area more restrictive
• Lower altitude possible obstaclesless stable
  situation, probable conflicting traffic
• Approach and Landing most restrictive
• Very low altitude obstacles present
• on collision course with the ground - must make
  sure it is the runway!!

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Accuracy

• Two main types of ERROR
• Flight Technical ErrorThe difference between the
  actual position of the aircraft and the
• System Error

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Requirements for Accuracy (95)

• Enroute
• 12.4NM (Oceanic), 2.0 NM (Continental)
• Terminal Area
• 0.4 NM
• Landing
• Category I (Limits of 200Ft ceiling and ½ NM
  visibility)
• 16. m laterally and 8 m vertically

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Integrity

• The ability of the system to warn the pilot when
  an out-of-tolerance condition is detected
• Enroute
• 5 minutes
• Terminal Area
• 30 seconds
• Landing
• Category I - 6 seconds
• Category II and III 1 second

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Availability

• The probability that the required navigation is
  usable
• All Modes
• .99 to .99999

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Continuity

• The probability that the required navigation is
  available for the duration of a procedure once
  the procedure has been started
• Enroute/Terminal
• 10-5/hr
• Landing
• 10-6/15sec (Cat I)