ITU Structure

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ITU Structure Study Groups

• Masatoshi Ohishi
• NAOJ

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Members of the ITU

• Member States (189)
• Sector Members such as private companies (more
  than 600)
• Regional Groups
• International Organizations such as IUCAF

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Structure of the ITU-R
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Regional Groups

• CEPT Europe
• CITEL North and South America
• APT Asia-Pacific region
• Arab group
• ? They prepare common proposals for
• WRC agenda items.

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RA frequency groups

• IUCAF IAU URSI COSPAR
• Europe -- CRAF
• Committee for Radio Astronomy Frequencies
• US -- CORF
• Committee on Radio Frequencies
• AP region -- RAFCAP

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Regions 1, 2 3
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Radio Astronomy Service

• 1.58 radio astronomy service  A service
  involving the use of radio astronomy.
• Historically RAS was restricted to ground-
• based one. Now RAS includes space-based
  observations.

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Radio Astronomy in ITU
Footnote of Radio Regulation

• 1.13 radio astronomy  Astronomy based on the
  reception of radio waves of cosmic origin.
• 1.5 radio waves or hertzian waves  Electromagnet
  ic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than
  3 000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial
  guide.

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RAS ? radiocommunication

• 1.3 telecommunication   Any transmission,
  emission or reception of signs, signals,
  writings, images and sounds or intelligence of
  any nature by wire, radio, optical or other
  electromagnetic systems (CS).
• 1.138 emission  Radiation produced, or the
  production of radiation, by a radio transmitting
  station.
• 1.137 radiation  The outward flow of energy from
  any source in the form of radio waves.
• 1.6 radiocommunication  Telecommunication by
  means of radio waves (CS) (CV).

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RAS ? radiocommunication

• 1.7 terrestrial radiocommunication  Any
  radiocommunication other than space
  radiocommunication or radio astronomy.
• 1.8 space radiocommunication  Any
  radiocommunication involving the use of one or
  more space stations or the use of one or more
  reflecting satellites or other objects in space.

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RAS as radiocommunication

• 4.6 For the purpose of resolving cases of harmful
  interference, the radio astronomy service shall
  be treated as a radiocommunication service.
  However, protection from services in other bands
  shall be afforded the radio astronomy service
  only to the extent that such services are
  afforded protection from each other.

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WRC

• World Radiocommunication Conference
• New allocations, new regulations, etc., are
  discussed and adopted based on national and
  regional proposals.
• Study Groups, Working Parties consider technical
  aspects of agenda items for WRCs.

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Study Cycle (3 years)

• CPM report

Agenda Items
WRC Admins.
Adopt Radio Regulations
CPM Experts
Study Groups
Exchange info
Assign AIs
Draft CPM report
WPs, TGs
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Study Groups

• drafting Technical bases for Radiocommunication
  Conferences
• developing Draft Recommendations
• compiling Handbooks

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Study Groups

• SG 1Spectrum Management
• SG 3Radio Wave Propagation
• SG 4Fixed-Satellite Service
• SG 6Broadcasting Service
• SG 7Science Services
• SG 8Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur
• and related satellite services
• SG 9Fixed Services
• SC Special Committee

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Working Parties

• Study Groups are organized into Working Parties
  and Task Groups
• Deal with specific aspects of Study Group work
• Issues related with multiple SGs
• ? Joint WPs, Joint TGs

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SG 1

• WP 1A Spectrum engineering techniques
• WP 1B Spectrum management methodologies
• WP 1C Spectrum monitoring
• TG 1/7 Protection of passive service bands
  from unwanted emissions
• JTG 1-6-8-9 Multimedia applications (Resolution
  737 (WRC-2000))

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SG 3

• WP 3J Propagation fundamentals
• WP 3K Point-to-area propagation
• WP 3L Ionospheric propagation
• WP 3M Point-to-point and Earth- space
  propagation

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SG 4

• WP 4A Efficient orbit / spectrum utilization
• WP 4B Systems, performance, availability and
  maintenance of FSS, Satellite news gathering
  (SNG) and outside broadcast via satellite
• JWP 4-9S Frequency sharing, between the FSS
  and the FS
• JTG 4-7-8 Sharing in the band 13.75 14 GHz
  (Resolution 733 (WRC-2000))
• JTG 4-7-8-9 5 GHz band allocations (Resolution
  736 (WRC-2000))

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SG 6 (WPs)

• WP 6A Programme assembling and
  formatting
• WP 6E Terrestrial delivery
• WP 6M Interactive and
• multimedia broadcasting
• WP 6P Content production / postproduction
• WP 6Q Performance assessment
• and quality control
• WP 6R Recording for production, archival
• and play-out film for
  television
• WP 6S Satellite delivery

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SG 6 (TGs)

• TG 6/6 Recommendation for a digital
  broadcasting standard below 30 MHz
• TG 6/7 Planning parameters for digital
  broadcasting at frequencies below 30 MHz
• TG 6/8 Preparation for the Regional
  Radiocommunication Conference
• 2004 (RRC-04)
• TG 6/9 Digital cinema

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SG 7

• WP 7A Time signals and frequency standard
  emissions
• WP 7B Space radio systems
• WP 7C Earth-exploration satellite
• systems and meteorological elements
• WP 7D Radioastronomy
• WP 7E Inter-service sharing and compatibility

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SG 8

• WP 8A Land mobile service excluding
  IMT- 2000
• WP 8B Maritime mobile service including
  Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
  (GDMSS) aeronautical mobile service and
• radiodetermination service
• WP 8D All mobile-satellite services
• and radiodetermination-satellite service
• WP 8F IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT- 2000
• JRG 8A-9B Wireless access systems

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SG 9

• WP 9A Performance and availability,
  interference objectives and analysis, effects of
  propagation and terminology
• WP 9B Radio-frequency channel arrangements,
  radio system characteristics, interconnection,
  maintenance and various applications
• WP 9C Systems below 30 MHz (HF and others)
• WP 9D Sharing with other services (except
  for the FSS)
• JRG 6S-9D Frequency sharing between the FS and
  BSS (sound)

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Documents

• Input Documents from Member States, Sector
  Members and International Organizations, etc.
  (White)
• Liaison Statements from other WPs, TGs, etc.
  (White)
• Output Documents (Yellow)
• Administrative Documents (Green/Blue)

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Contributions from Member States, etc.
Liaison Statements From other Groups
Chairmans Report
Consider input Documents
WPs, TGs, SGs, etc.
Contributions To Parent SG Such as DNRs
Liaison Statements To other Groups
Documents carried on ?Chairmans report
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ITU Web page

• http//www.itu.int/ top page
• http//www.itu.int/ITU-R/
• Submitted documents appear on the Web.
• You need a TIES account to download
• files.

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Recommendations

• The ITU-R Recommendations provide a body of
  technical, operational and regulatory /
  procedural information that has been agreed upon
  by the participating administrations.

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Production of Recs.
Working Party Task Group
Study based on contributions
APPROVE
Study Group
ADOPT
Administration
New Rec
VOTE
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How to Name Recs

• Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-1

RARadio Astronomy
769 sequential number
-1 Revision number
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RA series

• RA.314 Preferred frequency bands for radio
  astronomical measurements
• RA.479 Protection of frequencies for
  radioastronomical measurements in the shielded
  zone of the Moon
• RA.517 Protection of the radioastronomy service
  from transmitters in adjacent bands
• RA.611 Protection of the radioastronomy service
  from spurious emissions
• RA.769 Protection criteria used for
  radioastronomical measurements
• RA.1031 Protection of the radioastronomy service
  in frequency bands shared with other services
• RA.1237 Protection of the radio astronomy service
  from unwanted emissions resulting from
  applications of wideband digital modulation
• RA.1272 Protection of radio astronomy
  measurements above 60 GHz from ground based
  interference
• RA.1417 A radio-quiet zone in the vicinity of the
  L2 Sun-Earth Lagrange point
• RA.1513 Levels of data loss to radio astronomy
  observations and percentage-of-time criteria
  resulting from degradation by interference for
  frequency bands allocated to the radio astronomy
  on a primary basis

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Current Frequency Allocations

• 9 kHz 275 GHz
• lt 9 kHz
• 5.53 Administrations authorizing the use of
  frequencies below 9 kHz shall ensure that no
  harmful interference is caused thereby to the
  services to which the bands above 9 kHz are
  allocated.
• 5.54 Administrations conducting scientific
  research using frequencies below 9 kHz are urged
  to advise other administrations that may be
  concerned in order that such research may be
  afforded all practicable protection from harmful
  interference.

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Secondary
Primary alloc.
direction
footnotes
RAS
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Primary Secondary Services
a) services the names of which are printed in
capitals (example FIXED) these are called
primary services b) services the names of
which are printed in normal characters
(example Mobile) these are called secondary
services. Stations of a secondary service
a) shall not cause harmful interference to
stations of primary services to which frequencies
are already assigned or to which frequencies may
be assigned at a later date b) cannot claim
protection from harmful interference from
stations of a primary service to which
frequencies are already assigned or may be
assigned at a later date c) can claim
protection, however, from harmful interference
from stations of the same or other secondary
service(s) to which frequencies may be assigned
at a later date.
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Allocation gt 275 GHz

• No allocation at present
• (only footnote 5.565)
• Provisional Agenda Item for WRC-2006

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• 5.565 The frequency band 275-1000 GHz may be used
  by administrations for experimentation with, and
  development of, various active and passive
  services. In this band a need has been identified
  for the following spectral line measurements for
  passive services
• radio astronomy service 275-323 GHz,
  327-371 GHz, 388-424 GHz, 426-442 GHz,
  453-510 GHz, 623-711 GHz, 795-909 GHz and 926-945
  GHz
• Earth exploration-satellite service (passive)
  and space research service (passive) 275-277
  GHz, 294-306 GHz, 316-334 GHz, 342-349 GHz,
  363-365 GHz, 371-389 GHz, 416-434 GHz,
  442-444 GHz, 496-506 GHz, 546-568 GHz,
  624-629 GHz, 634-654 GHz, 659-661 GHz,
  684-692 GHz, 730-732 GHz, 851-853 GHz and
  951-956 GHz.
• Future research in this largely unexplored
  spectral region may yield additional spectral
  lines and continuum bands of interest to the
  passive services. Administrations are urged to
  take all practicable steps to protect these
  passive services from harmful interference until
  the date when the allocation Table is established
  in the above-mentioned frequency
  band.     (WRC-2000)

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RA bands defined in ITU

• Frequency usages are regulated in ITU
• RA bands ? rights to be protected

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Where are RA bands ?
Frequency Bands(MHz) Frequency Bands(GHz)
13.360 - 13.410 25.550 - 25.670 37.5 - 38.25 73 - 74.6 150.05 - 153 322 - 328.6 406.1 - 410 608 - 614 1 400 - 1 427 (HI) 1 610.6 - 1 613.8 (OH) 1 660 - 1 670 (OH) 2 655 - 2 700 4 800 - 5 000 (H2CO) 10.6 - 10.7 14.47 14.50 (H2CO)0 15.35 - 15.40 22.21- 22.50 (H2O) 23.6 - 24.0 (NH3) 31.3 - 31.80 42.5 - 43.5 (SiO) 76 - 116 123 - 158.5 164 - 16700 200 - 231.500 241 - 275
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New RA bands above 71 GHz
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Shared RA bands

• In many RA bands, other services are
• also allocated.
• INTERFERENCE !?
• It is necessary to coordinate between
• RAS and other services.

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Adjacent to RA bands

• In many cases, there are satellite services
• (FSS, MSS, BSS, etc) in downlink !!
• RA can not avoid interference
• by choosing sites.

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Iridium Satellites

• 
  Max hold
• 
  1 min
• 
  IF output
• 
  5dB/div
• 
  1450-1950
• 
  MHz

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Observed Interference at CRL
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Interference by GSOs
21cm obs. at Bonn
GSOs
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Radio Frequency Interference

• Radio contaminations by artificial
• transmission (Telecomm., Radar, etc.)
• Serious Problem for low-frequency
• RA observations
• RFI will occur in higher frequencies

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Necessary bandwidth

• 1.152 necessary bandwidth  For a given class of
  emission, the width of the frequency band which
  is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of
  information at the rate and with the quality
  required under specified conditions.

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Unwanted emissions

• 1.144 out-of-band emission  Emission on a
  frequency or frequencies immediately outside the
  necessary bandwidth which results from the
  modulation process, but excluding spurious
  emissions.
• 1.145 spurious emission  Emission on a frequency
  or frequencies which are outside the necessary
  bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced
  without affecting the corresponding transmission
  of information. Spurious emissions include
  harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions,
  intermodulation products and frequency conversion
  products, but exclude out-of-band emissions.
• 1.146 unwanted emissions  Consist of spurious
  emissions and out-of-band emissions.  

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Appendix to Article 3

• For the purpose of setting limits, all emissions,
  including harmonic emissions, intermodulation
  products, frequency conversion products and
  parasitic emissions, which fall at frequencies
  separated from the centre frequency of the
  emission by  250, or more, of the necessary
  bandwidth of the emission will generally be
  considered as spurious emissions.

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Necessary bandwidth
?f
2.0 x ?f
2.0 x ?f
Spurious emission
Spurious emission
OOB
OOB
frequency
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Roadmap of Communication
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HAPS Issue

• High Altitude Platform Stations
• Airships at 20 km altitude
• For Broadband communication
• US 47 GHz region
• Japan 31 GHz region

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HDFS at 43GHz

• High Density Fixed Service?broadband
  communication
• Includes the SiO band (42.5-43.5GHz)
• It may degrade pointing accuracy.
• Since 2000, we are collaborating to
• avoid interference to the RAS band.

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Other RFI?s

• BS around 608 614 MHz in Europe
• ? New RFI? for Urmuqi and GMRT
• MSS near 1.4 GHz (HI) band
• RNSS near 5 GHz (H2CO) band
• Internet access from aircrafts (Boeing)
• near 14.5 GHz (H2CO) band

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Space Solar Power Satellite

• Generation of Electricity in Orbit
• Up to 10 GW ? Rectenna 10kmx10km
• Microwave Power transfer _at_ 2.45 GHz
• ? Interference at 5 GHz (H2CO band)
• 40 dB higher than interference level detrimental
  to the RAS

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RFI ? IRFI ? OFI

• Similar Problems might occur in IR/Optical
  Astronomy

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Above 10 THz issue
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Optical Communication

• Laser Communications gt 10 THz
• has been studied
• ? Probable Problems in NEAR FUTURE

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