Working with Local Communities

1
Working with Local Communities

• Harold Goodwin

2
Purpose of Participation

• legitimation (Skeffington 1969)
• a palliative co-option
• choice from pre-determined options
• devolution of power, power sharing
• empowerment (transformative?)
• enabling people to determine choices in life and
  to influence the direction of change.

3
Typology of Participation
Goodwin
4
Who is participating?

• Communities are heterogeneous.
• The community never thinks
• Individuals think
• Different members of the same group may have
  different views
• Men and women, old and young .

5
Who are you exploiting?

• What are you getting out of it?
• What is the individual you are talking to getting
  out of it?
• What are you putting back?
• Who is gaining from that?
• How many of the people in the room are being paid
  to be there?
• What are their opportunity costs?

6
Where do you stand?
Researchers Agenda
Host communities
Host institutions agenda
7
Methods for Working with Communities

• Stakeholder Analysis
• Participatory Rural Appraisal
• Livelihood Analysis

8
1 Stakeholder Analysis

• All parties (or stakeholders) with an interest in
  the outcome of a decision should be considered
• Stakeholder theory is normative it redefines an
  organisation as a group of
• stakeholder interests coordinating and
  optimizing entity (Freeman)

9
Freeman Strategic Management 1984

• An organization is characterised by its
  relationships with various groups and individuals
  
• Employees
• Customers
• Suppliers
• Governments
• Local Communities

• A stakeholder in an organisation is (by
  definition) any group or individual who can
  affect or is affected by the achievement of the
  organizations objectives
• The power to affect the firms performance and/or
• A stake in firms performance

10
Key Principles www.stakeholderforum.org

• Accountability
• Effectiveness
• Equity
• Flexibility
• Good governance
• Inclusiveness
• Learning
• Legitimacy

• Ownership
• Participation and engagement
• Partnership/Cooperative Management
• Societal gains
• Transparency
• Voices, not votes

11
Protected Areas Stakeholders
12
Process

• Balancing interests
• Wide range of groups whose primary focus may not
  be the issue under consideration
• Intrinsic value is not the same as equal value
  (issues of worth and substance)
• Consultation and negotiation

13
Stakeholders Donaldson Preston 1995

• Stakeholders are persons or groups with
  legitimate interests in procedural and/or
  substantive aspects of corporate activity.
  Stakeholders are identified by their interests in
  the corporation.. The interests of all
  stakeholders are of intrinsic value. That is,
  each group of stakeholders merits consideration
  for its own sake.

14
All equal?

• Consideration should be given to each stakeholder
  group regardless of the relative power of each
  group.
• Normative, descriptive and instrumental
• To be an effective strategist you must deal with
  those groups that can affect you, while to be
  responsive (and effective in the long run) you
  must deal with those groups that you can affect.
  Freeman 198446

15
Failure

• Failure to retain participation by a primary
  stakeholder group is an indicator of failure
• Identify stakeholders and perceived stakes
• Implement a process to manage relationships with
  the stakeholders

16
Implementation

• management of a set of transactions or bargains
  among the organization and its stakeholders
  (Freeman)
• Balance interests
• Recognise that for a wide range of groups your
  organisation will not be central.
• Intrinsic value is not the same as equal value
• Be aware of the difference between consultation
  and negotiation

17
Stakeholder Participation
http//www.dfid.gov.uk/
902 results found,top 500 sorted by relevance
sddstak3.pdfSection 1. TECHNICAL NOTE ON
ENHANCING STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION IN AID
ACTIVITIES April 1995 CONTENTS PART ONE
DEFINITIONS AND ISSUES INTRODUCTION 1 WHAT IS
STAKEHOLDER ...http//62.189.42.51/DFIDstage/Pubs
/files/sddstak.pdf - 109.9KB
18
http//www.earthsummit2002.org/toolkits/women/down
load.htm
Toolkit Booklet (in PDF format)  The Stakeholder
Toolkit. A Resource for Women and NGOs.Edited by
Minu Hemmati Kerstin Seliger. March 2001Part I
Introduction (1.1 MB)Part II The United Nations
(313 KB)Part III NGOs Womens Organisations
(327 KB)Part IV International Agreements on
Womens/Gender Issues (109 KB)Part V
Networking Annexes (81 KB
19
Reading

• Sautter Managing Stakeholders Annals 1999.
• www.odi.org.uk
• www.iied.org/resource

20
2 Participatory Rural Appraisal

• A growing family of methods and approaches to
  enable local people to express, enhance, share
  and analyse their knowledge of life and
  conditions and to act.
• Engage local people in planning, developing,
  managing and monitoring and appraising projects.
• Participation of all people in learning about
  their needs and opportunities and in the action
  required to achieve the shared .

21
Participatory Learning and Action

• Rapid Rural Appraisal RRA
• Participatory Rural Appraisal PRA
• Participatory Learning Methods PALM
• Participatory Action Research PAR
• Farming Systems Research FSR
• Method Active de Recherche et de Planification
  Participative MARP

22
Too good to be true? IIED

• increasing accountability
• Enhancing participation and advocacy efforts
• Improving local and external awareness of key
  issues
• increasing local level capacity
• sustaining partnerships between different
  stakeholders.

23
http//www.iied.org/sarl/pla_notes/whatispla.html

• What is PLA?
• Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) is an
  umbrella term for a wide range of similar
  approaches and methodologies, including
  Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Rapid Rural
  Appraisal (RRA), Participatory Learning Methods
  (PALM), Participatory Action Research (PAR),
  Farming Systems Research (FSR), Méthod Active de
  Recherche et de Planification Participative
  (MARP), and many others. The common theme to all
  these approaches is the full participation of
  people in the processes of learning about their
  needs and opportunities, and in the action
  required to address them.

24
What is PLA? IIED website

• Creative approach to investigating issues of
  concern to poor people, and to planning,
  implementing, and evaluating development
  activities

• Visualisation
• Interviewing
• Group work
• Interactive learning
• Shared knowledge
• Structured analysis
• Offer opportunities for mobilising local people
  for joint action

25
Principles

• Learning rapidly and progressively
• Reversal of learning (androgogic)
• Optimising sharing knowledge
• Off setting biases seeking diversity
• Triangulating
• Facilitators play a key role - requires self
  critical awareness

26
Foundations of PRA

• Increasing awareness of the failure of
  conventional approaches to meet the needs of poor
  people.
• Emphasis on information sharing the production of
  knowledge and development of strategies
• Behaviour and attitudes
• Methods
• Sharing
• From extracting to empowering

27
From RRA to PRA
28
Highly skilled facilitation

• Be clear and open about your objectives
• Embrace and admit error
• Be self critical and listen to criticism
• Hand over the pen from us to them
• Relax and enjoy it

29
Teamwork methods

• Team contracts reviews
• Peer assessments
• Interview guides and checklists
• Work sharing in local activities
• Local presentations
• Process notes and personal diaries

30
Sampling methods

• Transect walks
• Wealth ranking, well being analysis
• Social maps
• Interview chains

31
Discussing and interviewing methods

• Semi-structured interviewing
• Focus groups
• Key informants
• Ethno histories and biographies
• Case studies story telling
• Direct observation
• Livelihood analysis

32
Visualisation methods

• Participatory map
• Social map and wealth ranking
• Seasonal calendar
• Daily routine
• Time lines
• Matrix scoring
• Venn diagrams

• Preference and pair ranking
• Mobility maps
• Network diagrams
• Impact diagrams
• Pie diagrams
• Flow diagrams

33
Characterising PRA

• Field based visualisation, interviewing, group
  work characterised by
• Interactive learning
• Shared knowledge integrated vision
• Flexible structured analysis
• Mobilisation for joint action

34
Be self critical

• Reflect on your practice how participative/
  transparent is it?
• Think about your ethics are you being
  manipulative/manipulated?
• Put something back.

35
3 Livelihoods Analysis

• The Impacts of Tourism on Rural
• Livelihoods Namibias Experience
• Caroline Ashley
• http//www.odi.org.uk/publications/wp128.pdf

36
Livelihood Approach

• Livelihood analysis is a methodology, which can
  be used to analyse the contribution that
  different forms of tourism might make to the
  livelihoods of the local people.
• The great advantage of livelihood analysis is
  that it provides a methodology that looks at the
  positive and negative impacts of a particular
  form of tourism development upon the livelihoods
  of the poor.

37
Livelihood Assets the livelihood building
blocks
Financial Capital cash at hand or which can be
borrowed Human Capital the skills base of
particular individuals and of the group Natural
Capital the resources of the environment
available to individuals and the group water
resources, forest, arable land, pasture, rivers
and lakes, wildlife Physical Capital
buildings, machinery, equipment Social Capital -
the social cohesion of the group and the strength
of its networks.
38
Key potential impacts on livelihoods
39
Reading

• www.odi.org.uk
• www.iied.org/resource
• Ashley C. (2000) The Impacts of Tourism on Rural
  Livelihoods Namibia's Experience, Overseas
  Development Institute Working Paper 128

40
(No Transcript)
41
(No Transcript)
42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
(No Transcript)
45
(No Transcript)
46
(No Transcript)
47
(No Transcript)
48
Implications

• Addressing a full range of costs and benefits
• Matching tourism options to livelihood priorities