4' FLUTES AND FLUE ORGAN PIPES

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4. FLUTES AND FLUE ORGAN PIPES

• MINI-COURSE ON WIND INSTRUMENTS

The Science of Sound, Chapter 12 The Physics of
Musical Instruments, Chapters 15 and
16 www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music/
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FLUTE FAMILY
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WESTERN CONCERT FLUTE
THE WESTERN CONCERT FLUTE IS PITCHED IN THE KEY
OF C AND HAS A RANGE OF THREE OCTAVES. THE MODERN
FLUTE HAS A CYLINDRICAL BORE ABOUT 19 mm IN
DIAMETER, EXCEPT FOR THE HEAD JOINT WHICH
CONTRACTS SLIGHTLY TO ABOUT 17 mm NEAR THE
EMBOUCHURE HOLE. IT HAS 12 OR 13 LARGE HOLES AND
3 SMALL ONES, ALL COVERED BY PADDED KEYS. THE
MECHANISM WAS DEVELOPED BY THEOBALD BOEHM DURING
THE PERIOD 1832 TO 1847. MOST MODERN FLUTES ARE
MADE OF METAL, BUT BEFORE ABOUT 1930 MANY FINE
WOODEN INSTRUMENTS WERE MADE TO THE BOEHM DESIGN
USING A WOODEN BODY AND SILVER KEYWORK.

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FLOW CONTROL OF AIR BLOWN ACROSS A BOTTLE AND A
FLUTE
CONSTRUCTION OF A FLUTE
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PRESSURE STANDING WAVES IN A FLUTE
IF THE CORK IS PULLED OUT, ALL NOTES ARE
FLATTENED BUT UPPER MODES ARE AFFECTED MORE
(BECAUSE THE EFFECTIVE POSITION OF THE PRESSURE
MODE AT THE BLOWING END IS BEYOND THE CORK)
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FLUTE
OPENING TONE HOLES
REGISTER HOLES
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FLUTE SPECTRA
TYPICAL SPECTRA FOR LOUD AND SOFT NOTES OF
VARIOUS PITCHES PLAYED BY 4 DIFFERENT FLUTISTS.
THE SAME REFERENCE LEVEL IS USED IN EACH CASE

Fletcher, 1975
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FREQUENCY DEPEDENCE OF END CORRECTION ?L MEASURED
FROM CENTER OF EMBOUCHURE HOLE. PARAMETER IS
DISTANCE TO STOPPER
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PICCOLO
THE PICCOLO IS A SMALL FLUTE SOUND AN OCTAVE
ABOVE THE CONCERT FLUTE. PICCOLOS ARE MADE WITH
EITHER CYLINDRICAL OR CONCIAL BORES (ORCHESTRAL
PLAYERS GENERALLY PREFER CONCICAL-BORE WOODEN
PICCOLOS, WHILE BAND MUSICIANS PREFER CYLINDRICAL
METAL INSTRUMENTS BECAUSE OF THEIR BRIGHTER TONE).
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RECORDER
IN A RECORDER (BLOCKFLÖTE), THE AIR JET IS
DEFINED BY AN EXTENDED LIP OR WINDWAY, A TYPICAL
RCORDER FAMILY CONSISTS OF A SOPRANINO, DESCANT
(SOPRANO), TREBLE (ALTO), TENOR, AND BASS.
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BAROQUE RECORDER
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RENAISSANCE RECORDER
RENAISSANCE RECORDERS DIFFER FROM BAROQUE
RECORDERS IN THAT THEY HAVE A LARGER BORE WHICH
GIVES A STRONGER LOW REGISTER, MAKING THEM BETTER
SUITED FOR BLEND AND ENSEMBLE PLAYER. RECORDERS
FROM THIS PERIOD GENERALLY HAVE SMALLER RANGE
THAN BAROQUE RECORDERS.

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BLOWING PRESSURE FLUTE, RECORDER
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BLOWING PRESSURE USED BY EXPERIENCED FLUTE PLAYER
FOR NOTES OF DIFFERENT PITCHES
LIP OPENING WIDTH AND HEIGHT USED BY EXPERIENCED
FLUTE PLAYERS TO PRODUCE NOTES AT DIFFERENT
PITCHES AND VOLUME LEVELS
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SHAKUHACHIA JAPANESE END-BLOWN FLUTE
SHAKU HACHI ONE FOOT EIGHT
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PAN PIPES
A SET OF TUNED PIPES, POPULAR IN SOUTH AMERICA.
THE PIPES ARE USUALLY SCALED SO THAT CROSS
SECTIONAL AREA IS ROUGHLY PROPORTIONAL TO LENGTH
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FLUE ORGAN PIPES
JET STRIKES LIP, ALTERNATELY FLOWS INSIDE AND
OUTSIDE PIPE, GUIDED BY PIPE RESONATOR
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END CORRECTION IN FLUE ORGAN PIPE
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AIR JET
VORTEX STREET ON A LAMINAR JET EMERGING FROM A
SLIT
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AIR FLOW DURING ATTACK
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AIR FLOW IN FLUE ORGAN PIPE
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AIR FLOW IN FLUE PIPE
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FLUE ORGAN PIPES
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VOICING ORGAN PIPES
THE MAIN PARAMETERS THAT ARE ADJUSTED DURING
VOICING OF FLUE PIPES ARE SIZE OF THE FOOT
BORE CONDITION OF THE BORE NICKING ON LOWER
LIP WIDTH OF THE FLUE HEIGHT OF THE
LANGUID HEIGHT OF THE MOUTH OR CUT-UP SETTING
OF THE LOWER LIP CONDITION OF THE UPPER LIP
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SOUND RADIATION FROM ORGAN PIPES
TYPICAL RADIATION PATTERNS FROM THREE HARMONICS
OF A VERTICAL PIPE
RESONANCE FREQUENCIES OF OPEN AND CLOSED
CYLINDRICAL AND CONICAL PIPES