KINESICS

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KINESICS

• NONVERBAL
• COMMUNICATION

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KINESICS

• Movements of the body, or some part of it, used
  to communicate an idea, intention or feeling.
• Also includes self-touching, grooming, clothing
  adjustments or nervous mannerisms that
• Reflect or regulate state of arousal
• Reflect the task orientation
• Combine instrumental tasks, such as eating, with
  concept of style or appropriateness

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MINI-ANALYSIS

• ANALYZE THE KINESIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
  FOLLOWING TWO MUSIC VIDEO INTERPRETATIONS OF
  EGYPTIAN DANCE AND MOVEMENT

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Thought for the day.

• Spend some time between now and Wednesday
  interacting without using hand gestures?
• How did you feel?
• How did the other person react? Or, not react?

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DEVELOPMENT

• KINESICS

• Social pull
• Emblems
• Listener responses
• Learning philosophy

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OVERALL FUNCTIONS

• Replace speech
• Regulate flow and rhythm of interaction
• Maintain attention
• Add emphasis to speech
• Make memorable the content of speech

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BIRDWHISTELLS GENERALPRINCIPLES

• There is a high degree of interdependence among
  the five senses
• Kinesics varies according to everything
• There is no universal body language

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• The principle of redundancy, as stated in
  information theory (entropy), is not applicable
  to kinesic behavior
• Kinesic behavior is more primitive and less
  controllable than verbal communication
• We must compare and contrast nonverbal codes time
  and time again in context before we can make
  accurate interpretations

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HISTORY

• Rhetoric--the elocutionists
• Modern
• starts with
• JULIUS FAST
• BODY LANGUAGE, 1970

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Study of Body Positions

• Open
• Allow for access to information
• Related to power high immediacy
• Closed
• Deny access to information
• Related to power low or no immediacy

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Body posture

• High Power
• Straight
• Relaxed
• Low Power
• Not straight
• Stiff

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SPEECH INDEPENDENT GESTURES

• Autonomous gestures, or emblems
• Direct verbal translation
• High agreement among users

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SPEECH RELATED GESTURES

• Illustrators--directly tied to, or accompany,
  speech. Four common types are (these will be
  discussed in more detail)
• gestures related to speakers referent
• gestures indicating speakers relationship to the
  referent
• visual punctuation
• interaction gestures

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REFERENT RELATED

• Characterize the content of our speech
• Such as pointing at objects
• Pointing in a general direction

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RELATIONSHIP TO THE REFERENT

• Comment on the speakers orientation to the
  referent
• How much you love, for example

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PUNCTUATION GESTURES

• Accent or emphasize a single word
• Coincides with the primary voice stress
• Used for commas, periods, etc.....
• Can be accomplished with gestures, body
  movements, and eye and vocal changes too

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INTERACTION GESTURES

• Used to acknowledge the other relative to the
  speaker
• Help to regulate and organize the interaction
• Turn-exchange behaviors
• Nearly 1/2 of gestures in an interaction serve
  this purpose
• Gestures are not limited to a single function

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FREQUENCY

• We find more in face-to-face
• Likely to increase when speaker is enthusiastic
  about subject
• Use more gestures when concerned about listeners
  comprehension
• Use more when trying to dominate

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POWER INFLUENCES

• Concept of expansiveness
• Self-touching occurs more in anxiety producing
  situation
• Canting of head--less in high power individuals
• In flirting, women use more grooming gestures,
  but also used more closed body postures

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• Task as related to power
• male orientated task, men more power related
  nonverbal (is this dated)
• female oriented task, females more power related
  nonverbal
• neutral task, men more power related nonverbal
• in all, women smiled more, men had higher
  frequency of chin thrusts

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POWER/DISTANCE

• As distance decreases, the expansiveness of our
  gestures decreases
• As relationship increases, distance decreases
• As distance decreases, touch increases
• As expansiveness of gestures increases, distance
  increases

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GREETINGS AND GOODBYES

• Expansiveness decreases with decreased distance
• Vary with relationship, settings, attendant
  verbal behavior

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• Gestures facilitate comprehension and help
  listeners access linguistic cues in their memory.
  
• Gestures that are in sync with the vocal/verbal
  stream increase comprehension.

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SYNCHRONY

• Body movement and gestures are not randomly
  produced during the stream of speech they are
  inextricably linked as parts of the same system)

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SELF-SYNCHRONY

• A change in one behavior (body part for example)
  will coincide or be coordinated with a change in
  another behavior (phonological segment or some
  other body part).

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KINESIC MARKERS

• Birdwhistell--NV behaviors that mark a specific
  oral language behavior
• Gross shifts in postural behavior marking a
  sequence of point of view
• Posture is viewed as a marker

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Interactional Synchrony

• A type of social rhythm
• May reflect the ongoing relationship
• Extent of involvement, rapport
• Degree of interpersonal knowledge of the other
• Out-of-sync partners are not likely to value the
  experience
• Out-of-sync behaviors may reflect decreased
  listening, lack of rapport, lack of knowledge of
  the partner, etc.

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• May also occur at specific junctions in our
  discussion with a partner
• How much of this synchrony is desirable?
• How much is coincidence?
• We tend to think of synchrony as an ordered
  relationship between speech and body movements,
  and between individuals.

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• Is it possible to predict which behaviors will
  synchronize with other behaviors, at which times?
• Are there social contexts, relationships, that
  intensify the degree of synchrony?
• How much synchrony is desirable?
• One study--moderately synchronic social
  interactions are evaluated most positively.

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Types

• Mirroring, or matching
• same behavior
• Congruence
• indicator of rapport and cooperation
• Motor mimicry
• one in pain, other winces
• Interspeak influence
• in kind behavior

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Combine the areas.

• Power
• Synchrony
• Immediacy
• Equilibrium