ARC 203: Design Studio III

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ARC 203 Design Studio III

• Housing Design

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Objectives

• Examine houses to understand the spaces they
  contain and their function
• Examine the way apartments are organized and
  structured and issues in their design
• Review the design process
• Review how to present the project

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Outline

• Housing spaces
• Apartment Organization and Design
• The Design Process
• The Design Presentation

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Housing Spaces

• The Grouping of Housing Spaces

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Introduction

• A house may generally be grouped into three
  areas-
• The sleeping areas (Private)
• where the family sleeps and rest
• The living or social area (Public)
• where the family relaxes, entertain guest, dines,
  and meets together and
• The service area
• where food is prepared, clothes are laundered
  goods are stored, the car is parked and
  equipments for upkeep of the house is maintained.
  

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The Spaces in A House
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Organization of a House
Private
Circulation
Service
Public
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Functional Spaces in a House

• The principal spaces found in a house are
• Living or Social Spaces
• Entry Zone
• Living rooms/ Reception rooms
• Dining Rooms/ Entertainment area
• Exterior terraces
• Exterior Landscape yards
• Sleeping Area
• Bedrooms
• Bathrooms
• Service Area
• Carport or Garage
• Kitchen
• Laundry
• The movement system

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Living Spaces- Entry Zone

• Every house should have a well planned entry zone
  made up of an entry way and a foyer
• The Entry Zone serves as a transition from the
  public outside part of the house to the private
  interior of the house
• Main entries are usually designed to be
  impressive as they provide the initial impression
  about the house
• Main entries should usually be centrally located
  to enable easy access to all parts of the house
• Entryways should be design to provide protection
  from weather

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Living Spaces- Entry Zone
Example of an Entry layout
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Living Spaces- Living Rooms

• The living room is the center of activity in a
  house.
• The number of users, types of activities and the
  furniture that will be placed in a living room
  are the most important factors in determining its
  size and design
• Through traffic should be avoided in the design
  of living areas
• Use of large windows and sliding doors encourage
  a feeling of spaciousness in living rooms
• Living rooms should be closely located to the
  entrance zone and to dining areas for
  entertainment

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Living Spaces- Living Rooms
View of a living Room
Example of layout
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Living Spaces- Dining Areas

• Most houses have dining rooms
• It is a special place for eating
• Dining rooms range from small eating spaces with
  a table for four to large provisions for formal
  dinners.
• Typical dining room furniture consist of table,
  chairs, closet for china, buffet table and
  serving cart.
• Dining rooms are usually located close to living
  rooms and to kitchens.
• The ideal arrangement is to place the dinning
  between the living room and the kitchen.

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Living Spaces- Dining Areas
View of a Dinning Area
Layout Example
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Living Spaces-Exterior Terraces

• A well designed house will usually extend the
  living space of the house to the outside using
  terraces or Porches and patios
• These are used for relaxing, playing and
  entertaining
• They are usually located off living and dining
  rooms
• Consideration should be given to orientation of
  the sun, wind, and view.

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Living Spaces- Exterior Terraces and Areas and
Balconies
Examples of the integration of outdoor spaces to
the house
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Sleeping Area - Bedrooms

• Houses are generally categorized by the number of
  bedrooms that they have
• Bedrooms should usually be grouped together in a
  separate wing or level
• Separate between Parents and Children or guest
  bedrooms
• Each bedroom should be close to a bathroom or
  should have a private one
• A bedroom should be large enough to contain a
  bed, chest of drawers, dresser and other small
  items of furniture
• Bedrooms should also have closet space
• Ideal bedrooms should have windows on two sides
  and an entry door

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Sleeping Area - Bedrooms
Example of a Bedroom
Bedroom Layout
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Sleeping Area - Bathrooms

• All houses require at least one bathroom, a two
  story house would require at least a one and half
  bathrooms, one full one in the bedroom areas and
  a half bathroom on the ground floor in the living
  areas
• Bathrooms should be located near the bedroom and
  living areas of the house
• There are three major fixtures in a bathroom- a
  bathtub, a water closet, and a wash hand basin
• Ample space should be provided for each of the
  fixtures
• The size of the bathroom will vary depending on
  the size of fixtures that is chosen
• Bathrooms should also be designed with adequate
  storage spaces in the form of cupboards

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Sleeping Area - Bathrooms
Examples of Bathroom Layout
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Service Area - Garage

• The primary purpose of the garage is to provide
  shelter for the family automobile.
• The size of garage will depend on the number of
  cars. Usually a single car requires about 3m x 6m
  space.
• A carport may be used instead of a garage, though
  it provides less protection.
• It is usually located at the front of the house.
  Should also have a good connection to the service
  areas of kitchen and storage, since materials
  will frequently be off loaded from it to the
  kitchen.

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Service Area - Garage
Example of A plan showing a garage and its
relationship to other spaces of the house
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Service Area - Kitchen

• The principal function of the kitchen is food
  preparation
• Sometimes, this use is extended to include
  dining, laundry and storage
• It is the most used space in a house and it
  requires efficient planning
• The work triangle, determined by drawing a line
  from the center of the range to the refrigerator
  to the sink and back to the range is the measure
  of the efficiency of a kitchen- the length of the
  line produces the length of the work triangle
• Kitchen cabinets provide the majority of storage
  in a kitchen
• Proper location of kitchen is important, close to
  dining area and also to garage and service routes

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Service Area Kitchen
In more elaborate kitchens, you may have a
separate storage area, a preparation area and
then the cooking areas
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Service Area - Laundry

• The laundry is a center for clothes care, where
  facilities for washing, drying and ironing are
  kept
• Common equipment in the laundry includes washing
  machine, dryer and storage areas
• It should usually be located close to the kitchen

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The Movement System in A House

• The movement system is the critical element that
  ties up the different areas of the house
• Movement System consist of Horizontal and
  Vertical Movement
• It has to be well design to support the movement
  of people and household goods
• It should also be efficient, ensuring that spaces
  are connected with the minimum of circulation
  space
• The movement system should be design to support
  the exclusion of people from private parts of the
  house
• It is good to avoid having circulation spaces
  going through usable areas
• If there are vertical stairs, then they have to
  be well design to ensure that they are
  comfortable to use

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Apartment organization and Design
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What is an Apartment Building?

• A building containing a number of apartment units
  which all share some common services- internal
  and external
• Include recreation spaces, entry point, parking,
  circulation and movements, services etc
• May be low, medium or high-rise

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Low Rise Walk-Up Apartment

• Goes up to four floors
• Does not need elevator
• People go up and down using stairs
• May have a service chute to send garbage down

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Organization of An Apartment

• The organization of an apartment starts from the
  site
• There must be clear establishment of development
  boundaries
• Inside the site there should be provision for
  pedestrian and vehicular movement
• Pedestrian movement should lead to entry and
  vertical circulation core
• Services location should be separate from main
  entry

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Example of Site Organization
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Organization of Apartment Buildings

• Within Individual apartment buildings, units are
  arranged around the vertical and horizontal
  circulation core
• Core must be sized to be efficient but not too
  small
• It must support surveillance, safety and security
• It must efficiently distribute people to their
  units and provide for privacy

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Organization of Apartment Buildings
Apartment
Core
Apartment
Apartment
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Issues in Design

• In designing housing, we are not just designing
  the private dwelling unit, but we are also
  obliged to provide for Social interaction and
  community building- Community and Privacy
• Human beings are generally social animals and
  belong to groups, including residential groups
• Houses provide an opportunity for people to
  belong to neighborhood communities and to make
  friends and personal relationships

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Territoriality

• Examine the following issues
• Territoriality- Define what is private and shared
• Provide facilities to encourage interaction at
  site level
• Provide pleasant environment
• Make sure there is provision for adequate care

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Territoriality in Multi-Family Housing

• Clustering apartment around a common entrance or
  stairwell offers several benefit. It increases
  opportunity for contact with other residents and
  makes it easy to recognize who belongs and does
  not belong.
• Avoid long double loaded corridors as they are no
  mans land- territoriality
• Each individual apartment or condo should have a
  distinctive entrance.

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Territoriality in Multi-Family Housing

• Entrance should provide for apartment owners to
  see into the corridor. It should also be possible
  for apartment owners to appropriate part of the
  corridor as their own
• Clearly define project territory. The grounds and
  approaches to the building should be clearly
  defined so that it is obvious when a person moves
  from public territory to private territory.
• Shared spaces should be defined

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Examples of Apartments
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Low Rise Apartment Example
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Low Rise Apartment Example
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Low Rise Apartment Example
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Low Rise Apartment Example
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Twin Apartments
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Twin Apartments
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Twin Apartment Towers
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Twin Apartment Towers
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Upscale Apartment
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Upscale Apartment
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Upscale Apartment
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Apartment aligned with Landscape
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Spaces in the Apartment
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Spaces in the Apartment
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Mixed Apartment in Italy
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Low Rise Apartment
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Examples from Imarate
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The Design Process
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What is design

• Design in architecture is the search for an
  optimum solution to the sum of the true needs of
  a particular problem
• Design attempts to solve many problems in a
  particular project
• These problems include site and its requirements,
  social and cultural norms and requirements,
  climatic issues, the location of activities and
  relationships, design of particular spaces to
  support activities, movement, Spatial quality of
  the design environment, ease and comfort of use,
  integration to the urban environment, the desire
  for unique and beautiful buildings etc
• Each of these problems has to be analyzed and
  optimal solutions identified

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What is design

• Design is the result of the optimal consideration
  of each of these issues to arrive at a solution
• When design considers of these issues, then
  solutions are appropriate
• When design neglects some of these issues, then
  it cannot be said to satisfactory address the
  problem
• A good designer is the one who is able to
  consider all the problems and come up with an
  integrated approach to the solution that
  addresses all problem equally
• Such an integrated approach is usually conceived
  of as a concept, which allows use to tie all
  solutions together into a uniform and well
  organized product that addresses all issues
  simultaneously

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The Design Process

• We should view our design process as a 4-step
  process
• Analysis and Problem Seeking
• Synthesis and solutions/concept generation
• Design and the particularizing of solution
• Presentation of the project solution

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A problem Solving Approach
Analysis
Design
Synthesis
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The Design Process

• The process operates in a loop and is endless
• There is no any defined correct process of design
• The design process involves finding as well as
  solving problems- a designer must be able to
  subjectively define the problem he is solving
• Design involves subjective (personal) value
  judgment
• Design is a prescriptive activity

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The design process is not a straight forward
process that moves from step 1 through to 4. The
process is usually iterative, in that you finish
one step and move to the next step, only to
discover that you missing some information and
have to go back to previous steps
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Analysis as Problem Seeking

• Analysis involves the collection of information
  and studies of all the issues to determine their
  design implication to aid choices
• What are the issues studied?
• Program and Building Type analysis
• Site
• Construction Technology
• Social and cultural Context
• Climatic and Environmental Factors
• Building Imagery and Ordering- what system of
  ordering and organization

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Program Analysis

• Basic size analysis of the program will enable
  you to understand the scale of the building
• You can also begin to understand the relative
  sizes of zones

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Program Analysis- Relationship
Establishes the need for connection between the
various spaces in a program
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Site Analysis
Identifying the most suitable site for building
Site can point to direction in the search for
design solutions
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Site Analysis
Addresses views, wind direction, sun direction,
access, slope, etc
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Synthesis as Bringing Together

• Synthesis means bringing together
• Individual elements are first analyzed to
  determine their design possibilities
• These are then layered together
• A concept is sought which ties up all the
  elements together to enable the generation of an
  organization solution to the problem

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Program Synthesis

• Program synthesis begins to examine the program
  as part of a solution seeking experiment

Checking that areas will fit to site
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Program Synthesis- Relationship

• Relationships can serve as the beginning of the
  identification of 2-D building forms, including
  their distribution of various floors
• It can thus point you to a means for
  systematically organizing the whole building

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Synthesis Site Analysis

• Site analysis can be a pointer to the solution of
  a design problem
• Analysis may yield a potential site arrangement

Analysis may yield a potential site arrangement
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Design as Giving Form to Building

• It is possible during the synthesis stage to
  generate one or more design alternatives
• Design is the stage where these alternatives are
  evaluated to check how they solve the design
  problem or meet the objectives or criteria that
  were developed for the project
• The selected designed is further refined to
  address any shortcoming
• It is the set for the last stage

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Design

• Remember that the only contribution of the
  designer is the unique qualities that he
  establishes in the organization of the design of
  a facility
• Such qualities should arise from project problems
  and be a reaction to the problems
• An imminent and intended order is a necessary
  condition for the judgment of any design as being
  beautiful

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Order in Architecture

• Ways of Ordering Architecture
• Physical ordering
• This is based on sizing and relationship of
  material elements of design
• Form and space- solids and voids, interior and
  exterior
• Example is the use of grid and other relationship
  systems
• Perceptual Ordering
• This is ordering base on how people will view and
  perceive the elements ordered
• Physical elements may be arranged to be
  recognized, perceived Sensory and experienced
  sequentially in time
• Conceptual
• Using a comprehensible theme to tie and relate
  things together
• The theme enables the comprehension of the
  ordered or disordered relationship among a
  buildings element and systems, and the
  understanding of the meaning they evoke

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Presenting your Design
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The Art of Organizing Presentations

• Questions that presentations seek to answer
• Why did I design the building in the way I did
• How does the design respond to the problems and
  requirements of the project and building type
• What is unique about my project that classes it
  as architecture rather than just another
  building
• In essence what creativity did I as an architect
  bring to the design process

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Guidelines in Presenting

• The Presentation should present the central idea
  of the design- what we may call its spirit
• It should have a logical and comprehensible
  arrangement of integrated graphics and verbal
  information, with constant scale/format/medium/tec
  hnique
• Should have continuity from one sheet to another
• Should present information efficiently by using
  minimum number of sheet required
• There should be hierarchy in the organization of
  graphic elements so that the most important are
  sized up
• Remember that each drawing type has its own
  unique requirements and convention- know the
  convention for each drawing element
• Make presentations such that people can read it
  at a distance

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Example of Right Ways to Present
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Model as a tool of Exploration
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Form Analysis as Means to Design
Analysis done on site can help you to get a feel
of the whole project in Relationship to its site
and environment
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Design in 2-D must have some principles of order
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When Everything works together, You get a
building that holistically addresses all issues
It, however, needs good presentation to
communicate it
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Example of Analytical Presentation
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Responsive Design and Presentation
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Interior Ambiance
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Interior Ambiance
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Interior Ambiance